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or (') is an Avestan language word for a Zoroastrian concept literally denoting "glory" or "splendour" but understood as a divine mystical force or power projected upon and aiding the appointed. The neuter noun thus also connotes "(divine) royal glory," reflecting the perceived divine empowerment of kings. The term also carries a secondary meaning of "(good) fortune"; those who possess it are able to complete their mission or function. In 3rd-7th century Sassanid-era inscriptions as well as in the 9th-12th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition, the word appears as Zoroastrian Middle Persian ''khwarrah'', rendered with the Pahlavi ideogram ''GDE'', reflecting Aramaic ''gada'' "fortune." Middle Persian ''khwarrah'' continues as New Persian ''k(h)orra''. These variants, which are assumed to be learned borrowings from the Avestan, are the only Iranian language forms with an initial 'xᵛ-'. In all other dialects, the word has an initial ''f-'' (see details under related terms, below). ==Etymology and related terms== Avestan ''khvarenah'' is probably derived from Proto-Avestan '' *hvar'' "to shine," nominalized with the ''-nah'' suffix. Proto-Avestan '' *hvar'' is in turn related to Old Indic ''svar'' with the same meaning. Other proposals suggest a linguistic relationship with Avestan ''xᵛar-'' "to eat". Of the numerous Iranian languages in which the word is attested, the initial ''xᵛ-'' is only evident as Avestan ''khvar(e)nah'' and as Zoroastrian Middle Persian ''khwarrah'', from which New Persian ''khorra'' then derives. In other Iranian dialects the word has an ''f-'' form, for instance as Median and Old Persian ''farnah-'', from which Middle- and New Persian ''farr(ah)'' and adjectival ''farrokh'' derive. For many decades, the ''f-'' form was believed to represent a specific Median sound-law change of proto-Iranian ''xᵛ-'' to ''f-''. This hypothesis has since been shown to be untenable, and the proto-Iranian form is today reconstructed as '' *hu̯'', preserved in Avestan as ''xᵛ-'' and dissimilated as ''f-'' in other Iranian dialects. In the Iranian languages of the middle period, the word is also attested as Bactrian ''far(r)o'', Khotanese ''pharra'', Parthian ''farh'', Sogdian ''f(a)rn'', and Ossetic ''farnae'' and ''farn'', though in these languages the word does not necessarily signify "glory" or "fortune": In Buddhism, Sogdian ''farn'' and Khotanese ''pharra'' signified a "position of a Buddha," that is, with "dignity" or "high position." This meaning subsequently passed into Tocharian. In Manicheanism, Sogdian ''frn'' signified "luck" and was a designator of the "first luminary". Manichean Parthian ''farh'' again signifies "glory." In Scytho-Sarmatian and Alan culture, Digoron Ossetic ''farnae'' and Iron Ossetic ''farn'' signified "peace, happiness, abundance, fortune." The term also appears as a borrowing in Armenian ''pʿarkʿ'', but with a greater range of meaning than in Iranian languages. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Khvarenah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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