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Kinesics
Kinesics is the interpretation of body motion communication such as facial expressions and gestures — that is, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole. The equivalent popular culture term is body language, a term Ray Birdwhistell—considered the founder of this area of study—never used, and did not consider appropriate (on the grounds that what can be conveyed with the body does not meet the linguist's definition of language). Even so, many people use this term.
==Birdwhistell's work==
Kinesics was first used (in 1952) by Ray Birdwhistell, an anthropologist who wished to study how people communicate through posture, gesture, stance, and movement.〔Birdwhistell, R. L. (1952). Introduction to ''Kinesics: An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture''. Washington, DC: Department of State, Foreign Service Institute.〕 His ideas over several decades were synthesized and resulted in the book, ''Kinesics and Context.''〔Birdwhistell, R. 1970. ''Kinesics and Context''. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.〕 Interest in kinesics specifically and nonverbal behavior generally was popularized during the late 1960s and early 1970s, through such popular mass market (non academic) publications as ''How to Read a Person Like a Book''.〔Nierenberg, G. I., & Calero, H. H. (1971). ''How to Read a Person Like a Book''. New York: Hawthorn Books.〕 Part of Birdwhistell's work involved filming people in social situations and analyzing them to show elements of communication not clearly seen otherwise. One of his most important projects was ''The Natural History of an Interview,'' a long-term interdisciplinary collaboration including Gregory Bateson, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Norman A. McQuown, Henry W. Brosin, and others.〔Jump up ^ Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1987). The Social History of The Natural History of an Interview: A multidisciplinary investigation of social communication. ''Research on Language and Social Interaction'', 20, 1-51.〕
Drawing heavily on descriptive linguistics, Birdwhistell argued that all movements of the body have meaning (i.e. are not accidental), and that non-verbal behavior has a grammar that can be analyzed in similar terms to spoken language. Thus, a "kineme" is "similar to a phoneme because it consists of a group of movements which are not identical, but which may be used interchangeably without affecting social meaning".〔Knapp, M. 1972. ''Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction''. Reinhart and Winston, New York, pp. 94-5.〕
Birdwhistell estimated that no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words.〔McDermott, R. 1980. Profile: Ray L. Birdwhistell. ''The Kinesis Report'', 2, 3: 1-16.〕 He also concluded that there were no universals in these kinesic displays - a claim disputed by Paul Ekman, who was interested in analysis of universals, especially in facial expression.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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