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Klin-Yar
Klin-Yar (or Klin-Jar) is a prehistoric and early medieval site in the North Caucasus, outside of Kislovodsk. Discoveries during building activities and archaeological excavations have produced settlement traces and extensive cemetery areas of the 8th century BC – 7th century AD. Its long use over this period, its size and rich finds as well as the data quality of recent excavations make Klin-Yar one of the most important archaeological sites of the region.
==Location and discovery==
Klin-Yar (the Russian name means "Crooked Valley") is located about west of the spa town of Kislovodsk, in a small curving valley which is separated from the valley of the river Podkumok by a long narrow sandstone formation locally called "Parovoz" ("The Locomotive"). Settlements and cemeteries have been found on the slopes around the base of the rock, with some settlement traces on its flat top.
The site was discovered in the 1960s by the local archaeologist A.P. Runich. The construction of a cattle farm in the early 1980s led to rescue excavations, followed by research excavations by V.S. Flyorov (Moscow, Russia) from 1984, and by an Anglo-Russian team led by A.B. Belinskij (Stavropol, Russia) and H. Härke (Reading, UK) in 1993-1996. The total number of excavated graves is around 400; the full extent of the cemeteries is uncertain, but is probably somewhere between 1,000 and 3,000 graves.〔Härke, H. and Belinsky, A. (2000). "Nouvelles fouilles de 1994-1996 dans la nécropole de Klin-Yar." In: M. Kazanski and V. Soupault (eds.), ''Les sites archéologiques en Crimée et au Caucase durant l'Antiquité tardive et le haut Moyen Age'' (Colloquia Pontica 5). Leiden: Brill. 193-210; Härke, H. and Belinskij, A.B. (2011). "Klin-Jar: Ritual und Gesellschaft in einem langzeitbelegten Gräberfeld im Nordkaukasus." ''TÜVA-Mitteilungen (Tübinger Verein zur Förderung der ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie)'' 12, 2011. 37-49; Härke, H. and Belinskij, A. (2015). "Causes and contexts of long-term ritual change: The Iron Age to early medieval cemetery of Klin-Yar (North Caucasus, Russia)." In: J.R. Brandt, M. Prusac and H. Roland (eds.), ''Death and changing rituals: Function and meaning in ancient funerary practices'' (Studies in Funerary Archaeology 7). Oxford and Philadelphia: Oxbow. 93-104.〕
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