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Counterfeit consumer goods
Counterfeit consumer goods are goods, often of inferior quality, made or sold under another's brand name without the brand owner’s authorization. Sellers of such goods may infringe on either the trade mark, patent or copyright of the brand owner by passing off its goods as made by the brand owner.〔Chaudhry, Peggy E., Zimmerman, Alan. ''The Economics of Counterfeit Trade: Governments, Consumers, Pirates and Intellectual Property Rights'', Springer Science & Business Media (2009)〕
The term "knockoff" is often used interchangeably with "counterfeit," although their legal meanings are not identical. A "knockoff" is a colloquial term which describes products that copy or imitate the physical appearance of other products, but which do not copy the brand name or logo of a trademark. They may, or may not, be illegal under trademark laws.〔("Counterfeit vs. Knockoff" ), Intellectual Properties Firm〕 Such products are considered illegal when they are intended to confuse consumers. And someone can be a counterfeiter even if he doesn’t make the products, but knowingly sells them to others.〔 Another overlapping term is "pirated goods", which generally refers to copying copyrighted products without permission, such as music, movies and software.〔''The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy'', OECD (2008)〕 Exact definitions are determined by the laws of various countries.
Counterfeit products exist in virtually every area, including food, beverages, clothes, shoes, pharmaceuticals, electronics, auto parts, toys, and currency. The spread of counterfeit goods is worldwide, and in 2015 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) estimated the global value of all counterfeit goods reached $1.77 trillion, up from approximately $550 billion in 2008.〔Tehranipoor, Mark. ''Counterfeit Integrated Circuits: Detection and Avoidance'', Springer (2015) p. 5〕 Counterfeit products make up 5 to 7% of world trade〔("Challenging the Counterfeit Connector Conundrum" ), ''Connector Supplier'', Nov. 4, 2013〕〔("The spread of counterfeiting: Knock-offs catch on" ) ''Economist'' magazine, March 4, 2010〕 and has cost an estimated 2.5 million jobs worldwide,〔("Crackdown on counterfeiting" ), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Jan. 8, 2014〕 with 750,000 jobs lost in the U.S. alone.〔("Product counterfeiting puts consumer safety at risk" ), Underwriters Laboratories (UL)〕 However, the Government Accountability Office found that many estimated figures were unreliable.〔("US government finally admits most piracy estimates are bogus" ), ''Ars technica'', April 13, 2010〕
== Types ==
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