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''Koil'' or ''Koyil'' or ''Kovil'', (meaning: residence of God〔The modern Tamil word for Hindu temple is ''kōvil'' ((タミル語:''கோவில்'')) meaning " the residence of God". In ancient Tamil Nadu, the king (, Kō) was considered to be a ‘representative of God on earth' and lived in a ''kōvil'', which also means "king’s house". Old words for king like ''Kō'' ( "King"), ''Iṟai'' ( "Emperor") and ''Āṇḍavan'' ( "Conqueror") are now primarily used to refer to God.〕) is the Tamil term for a distinct style of Hindu temple with Dravidian architecture. Both the terms ''koyil'' () and ''kovil'' ()〔''Koyil'' or ''kovil'', which is correct? (''கோயில்'', ''கோவில்''; எது சரி? )〕 are used interchangeably. In Tamil language, ()〔Correct word- ''Koyil'' or ''kovil''? (எது சரி? ''கோயிலா'' அல்லது ''கோவிலா''? )〕 is the word derived, according to the rules of Tamil grammar.〔"உடம்படுமெய்ப் புணர்ச்சி" என்ற தமிழ் இலக்கண விதிப்படி, "வ்" வரும், கோ+இல் = கோவில்.உடம்படு மெய்: நிலைமொழியில் இ, ஈ, ஐ, இருந்தால் "ய்" யும்; ஏனைய உயிர்கள் (அ, ஆ, உ, ஊ, ஓ) இருந்தால் "வ்"வும்; "ஏ' இருந்தால் இரண்டும் (ஏதாவது ஒன்று) உடம்படு மெய்யாக வரும்.〕 In contemporary Tamil, the term is also used to refer to Christian churches. Even non-religious places considered sacred are called ''kovil'' by Tamils, for example the shrines built in the memory of Thiruvalluvar (the 2nd century poet-philosopher), or Tamil Thai (translated as Mother Tamil, the revered personification of the language) are called Thiruvalluvar Koil and Tamil Thai Koil respectively. In modern formal speech, ''kovils'' are referred to as ''aalayams'' by many Hindus and as ''devaalayams'' by Christians. ''Ambalam'' is another term used by devotees of the 19th century Tamil monk Vallalar. To Saivites, the foremost kovils are Chidambaram temple and Koneswaram temple while for Vaishnavites, Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam and Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, Tirupati are viewed as equally important. To Christians the koils considered very important are the Arokkiya Madha Koil (Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health) in Velankanni, Santhome ''Devaalayam'' (San Thome Basilica) in Chennai and the Poondi Madha Koil (Poondi Madha Basilica) in Thiruvaiyaru. The koils in Tamil Nadu and kovils of Ceylon have long histories and have always been associated with the ruler of the time. Most kings patronised temple building in their kingdom, and attached water tanks and villages to the shrine to administer. Temples not only acted as the places of worship, but as civic centres for the population, providing local services to the community in the form of hospitals, education institutions, sports and art academies. The local population is fed at the end of each poosai with monetary endowments made to the shrine. Ancient Tamils were among the greatest of temple builders. The Sangam literature scripted before the common era refers to some of the temples the early kings of Tamilakam erected. The songs of the revered Shaiva Nayanars and the Vaishnava Alvar saints that date back to the period 6th to the 9th century CE provide ample references to the temples of that period. Stone inscriptions found in most temples have revealed the patronage extended to them by various rulers. The most ancient temples were built of brick and mortar. Up to about 700 CE temples were mostly of the rock-cut type. The Pallava kings were great builders of temples in stone. The Chola dynasty (850-1279 CE) left a number of monuments to their credit such as the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur. The Cholas added many ornate mandpams or halls to temples and constructed large towers. The Pandya style (until 1350 CE) saw the emergence of huge towers, high wall enclosures and enormous towered gateways. The Vijayanagar Style (1350 - 1560 CE) is famous for the intricacy and beauty especially for the decorated monolithic pillars. The Nayak style (1600 - 1750 CE) is noted for the addition of large ''prakaram''(outer courtyard) (circumambulatory paths) and pillared halls. ==See also== * Dravidian architecture * Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu and South India 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Koil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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