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Kondiaronk
Kondiaronk (c. 1649–1701) (Gaspar Soiaga, Souojas, Sastaretsi) known as “Le Rat” was Chief of the Hurons at Michilimackinac. As a result of an Iroquois attack and dispersal of the Hurons in 1649 the Hurons settled in Michilimackinac.〔Fenton, William N "(KONDIARONK, Le Rat. )" Dictionary of Canadian Biography. ©2000 University of Toronto/Universite Laval. Web. 21 Feb. 2012.〕 The Michilimackinac area is near Lake Huron and Lake Michigan (area between Michigan's Upper and Lower Peninsulas).〔"(MICHILIMACKINAC - Mackinaw, Mackinac Straits, Mackinac Island )." MICHILIMACKINAC. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.〕 Noted as a brilliant orator and a formidable strategist, he led the pro-French Petun and Huron refugees of Michilimackinac against their traditional Iroquois enemies. Kondiaronk realized the only way to establish security was to maintain a war between their enemies, the Iroquois, and the French in an attempt to keep the Iroquois occupied and the Hurons safe from annihilation. The Rat succeeded in killing the peace however, once he had secured the preservation of his people he favored a vast peace settlement.〔Collard, Edgar Andrew. Montreal: The Days That Are No More. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1976. Print.〕 This effort concluded in what is known as The Great Peace of Montreal (1701) between France, the Iroquois, and the other Indian tribes of the Upper Great Lakes. This ended the Beaver Wars and helped open up the interior of North America to deeper French exploration and commerce. Kondiaronk made them see the advantages such a peace would bring them. The Jesuit historian, Father Pierre-Francois de Charlevoix wrote that "it was the general opinion that no Indian had ever possessed greater merit, a finer mind, more valor, prudence or discernment in understanding those with whom he had to deal".〔 Louis-Hector de Callier, the Onontio (governor) that replaced Frontenac, was "exclusively indebted to him for...this assemblage, till then unexampled of so many nations for a general peace".〔 Kondiaronk contracted a fever and died in Montreal during the negotiations for the Great Peace on August 2, 1701.〔 A Christian convert, his body was buried at Montreal's Notre Dame Church after a majestic funeral. No trace of the grave remains. The Kondiaronk Belvedere in Montreal's Mount Royal Park is named in his honor. In 2001 he was named a Person of National Historic Significance by the Canadian government.
==Early diplomatic efforts==
Kondiaronk’s first major role came in 1682, representing the Mackinac Huron tribe in negotiations between the French governor Frontenac and the Ottawa tribe which shared Michilimackinac village. Kondiaronk looked towards the French for protection from the Iroquois tribes after an Iroquois chief, a Seneca, was murdered while being held prisoner in the Michilimackinac village.
Afterwards, the Huron sent wampum belts to the Iroquois to appease the murder; however, the diplomatic representative of the Ottawa told Frontenac that the Huron did not send any of the Ottawa’s wampum belts. Furthermore, the Ottawa insisted that the Huron placed all the blame for the murder on them.〔 Kondiaronk maintained his position that the actions of the Huron were only to placate the Iroquois, but the Ottawa were not convinced and French efforts to conciliate the two tribes had little effect.〔 Despite the tensions between the Huron and Ottawa, Kondiaronk’s appeal to the French did secure an alliance to stave off Iroquois military advances.
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