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refers to the Japanese belief that mystical powers dwell in words and names. English translations include "soul of language", "spirit of language", "power of language", "power word", "magic word", and "sacred sound". The notion of ''kotodama'' presupposes that sounds can magically affect objects, and that ritual word usages can influence our environment, body, mind, and soul. This Japanese compound ''kotodama'' combines ''koto'' 言 "word; speech" and ''tama'' 霊 "spirit; soul" (or 魂 "soul; spirit; ghost") voiced as ''dama'' in ''rendaku''. In contrast, the unvoiced ''kototama'' pronunciation especially refers to , which was popularized by Onisaburo Deguchi in the Oomoto religion. This field takes the Japanese ''gojūon'' phonology as the mystical basis of words and meanings, in rough analogy to Hebrew Kabbalah. The etymology of ''kotodama'' is uncertain, but one explanation correlating words and events links two Japanese words pronounced ''koto'': this "word; words; speech" and 事 "situation; circumstances; state of affairs; occurrence; event; incident". These two ''kanji'' were used interchangeably in the name Kotoshironushi or , an oracular ''kami'' mentioned in the ''Kojiki'' and ''Nihon shoki''. ''Kotodama'' is related with Japanese words such as ''kotoage'' "words raised up; invoke the magical power of words", ''kotomuke'' "directed words; cause submission though the power of words", and ''jumon'' "magic spell; magic words; incantation". ''Kotodama'' is a central concept in Japanese mythology, Shinto, and Kokugaku. For example, the ''Kojiki'' describes an ''ukei'' (or ''seiyaku'') "covenant; trial by pledge" between the sibling gods Susanoo and Amaterasu, "Let each of us swear, and produce children".〔Chamberlain, B.H. (The Kojiki, Records of Ancient Matters ), p. 53. 1919. 〕 Uttering the divine words of the Shinto divination ritual known as ''ukehi'' supposedly determines results, and in this case, Amaterasu giving birth to five male deities proved that Susanoo's intentions were pure. ''Kototama'' or ''kotodama'' is also fundamental to Japanese martial arts, for instance, in the use of kiai. Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of aikido and a student of Deguchi, used ''kototama'' as a spiritual basis for his teachings. William Gleason says Ueshiba "created aikido based on the ''kototama'' principle," and quotes him that "Aikido is the superlative way to practice the ''kototama''. It is the means by which one realizes his true nature as a god and finds ultimate freedom."〔Gleason, W. ''The Spiritual Foundations of Aikido'', p. 55. Destiny Books, 1995〕 Mutsuro Nakazono, a disciple of Ueshiba, wrote books on the importance of ''kototama'' in aikido.〔Nakazono, M. ''Kototama''. Third Civilization, 1976. ''The Kototama Principle''. Kototama Institute, 1983.〕 While other cultures have animistic parallels to ''kotodama'', such as mantra, mana, and logos, some Japanese people believe the "word spirit" is unique to the Japanese language. One of the classical names of Japan is ,〔This quote comes from ''Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary'' (5th ed., 2003), which translates ''kotodama'' as "the ⌈soul () of language; the miraculous power of ⌈language (phrase, a spell )."〕 a phrase that originated in the ''Man'yōshū''. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kotodama」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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