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Mitragyna speciosa
''Mitragyna speciosa'' (ketum,〔(Erowid Kratom (''Mitragyna speciosa'') Vault ). Erowid.org. Retrieved 2013-12-26.〕 kratom or kratum,〔(''Mitragyna speciosa'' information from NPGS/GRIN ). Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-26.〕 Thai: กระท่อม) is a tropical deciduous and evergreen tree in the coffee family (Rubiaceae) native to Southeast Asia in the Indochina and Malaysia floristic regions. Its leaves are used for medicinal properties. It is psychoactive, and leaves are chewed to uplift mood and to treat health problems.〔 ''M. speciosa'' is indigenous to Thailand and, despite growing naturally in the country, has been outlawed for 70 years and was originally banned because it was reducing the Thai government's tax revenue from opium distribution.〔
Kratom behaves as a μ-opioid receptor agonist like morphine〔 and is used in the management of chronic pain, as well as recreationally.〔 Kratom use is not detected by typical drug screening tests, but its metabolites can be detected by more specialized testing.〔 The pharmacological effects of kratom on humans, including its efficacy and safety, are not well-studied.〔 Most side effects of kratom are thought to be mild, although isolated adverse effects such as psychosis, convulsions, hallucinations, sweating, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, dizziness and confusion have also been reported, albeit rarely.〔 There has been a reported case in which chronic use of ''M. speciosa'' was associated with bowel obstruction, as well as reports stating that the plant carries the potential for addiction and can lead to withdrawal symptoms.〔
== Taxonomy and etymology ==
Mitragyna Speciosa was first formally described by the Dutch colonial botanist Pieter Korthals in 1839.〔Pieter Willem Korthals, "Observasions de Nauclais Indicis"; Bonnea; 1839; p. 20.〕 Unfortunately, the original source is not currently available on the internet, and can only be found in a few libraries around the world. However, Korthals' classification was reviewed and confirmed, and his original Latin description was included in a 1897 publication by George Haviland.〔George Darby Haviland, "A Revision of the Tribe Naucleeae (Nat. Ord. Rubiaceae)"; Journal of Linnean Society; p. 65-69; Linnean Society of London, Feb. 4 1897. (A Revision of the Tribe Naucleeae (Nat. Ord. Rubicae) )〕 The genus was named ''Mitragyna'' by Korthals because the stigmas in the first species he examined resembled the shape of a bishop's mitre. It is botanically related to the genera ''Corynanthe'' and ''Uncaria'' and shares some similar biochemistry.
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