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Kresy
Kresy Wschodnie or Kresy ((:ˈkrɛsɨ), "Eastern Borderlands", or "Borderlands") is a term that refers to the eastern lands that formerly belonged to Poland. These territories today lie in Western Ukraine, western Belarus, as well as eastern Lithuania, with such major cities, as Lviv, Vilnius, and Hrodna. Kresy was part of the Second Polish Republic until World War II. In the interbellum Poland, the term ''Kresy'' roughly equated with the lands beyond the Curzon Line, suggested in December 1919 by the British Foreign Office as the eastern border for Poland. In September 1939, after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, these territories were incorporated into Soviet Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. These Soviet gains were ratified by the Western Allies at the Tehran conference, the Yalta conference and the Potsdam conference. When the Soviet Union broke up, they remained part of those respective republics as they gained independence. Even though ''Kresy'', or the ''Eastern Borderlands'', are no longer Polish territories, the area is still inhabited by a significant Polish minority, and the memory of a Polish ''Kresy'' is still cultivated. The attachment to the "myth of Kresy", the vision of the region as a peaceful, idyllic, rural land, has been criticized in Polish discourse.〔(odczarować mit Kresów Czas odczarować mit Kresów Marcin Wojciechowski, Gazeta Wyborcza 2010-04-12, )〕 Economically the region was the poorest in interwar Poland,〔''W dodatku Kresy Wschodnie II Rzeczypospolitej były najbiedniejszym regionem kraju'' Polska ludność kresowa: rodowód, liczebność, rozmieszczenie Piotr Eberhardt, page 21 Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1998〕 and had the lowest literacy level of the nation,〔Historia gospodarcza Polski Andrzej Jezierski, page 269, 2006〕 which was the result of more than one hundred years of Austro-Hungarian and Russian rule, as education was not compulsory in the Russian Empire.〔(Jak odrodziła się wolna Polska by Andrzej Garlicki, 4 listopada 2009 )〕
== Etymology ==
The Polish word ''kresy'' (''borderlands'') is the plural form of the word ''kres'', which can be translated as ''end, term, limit''. According to Zbigniew Gołąb, it is "a medieval borrowing from German word ''Kreis''", which in the Middle Ages meant ''Kreislinie, Umkreis, Landeskreis, Bezirk'' (''borderline, circuit, district'').〔Zbigniew Gołąb, "The Origin and Etymology of Old Russian ''Kriviči''," ''International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics'' 31/32 (1985, Festschrift H. Birnbaum): 167-174, page 173.〕 Samuel Linde in his ''Dictionary of the Polish Language'' gives a different etymology of the term. According to him, ''kresy'' originally meant borderline between Poland and Crimean Khanate, in the area of the lower Dnieper. The word ''kresy'' was probably used for the first time in literature by Wincenty Pol in his poems "Mohort" (1854) and "Pieśń o ziemi naszej". Pol claimed that it was the line from the Dniester to the Dnieper River, the Tatar borderland. At the beginning of the 20th century, the meaning of the term expanded to include the lands of the former eastern provinces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, to the east of the Lwów - Wilno line. In the Second Polish Republic, the borderlands were equated with the land to the east of Curzon line. Currently, the term describes all eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic that do not belong to modern Poland any longer, plus lands further east, which had belonged to the Commonwealth before 1772, and in which existed Polish communities.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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