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''The Knights of the Cross'' or ''The Teutonic Knights'' ((ポーランド語:Krzyżacy)) is a 1900 historical novel written by the eminent Polish Positivist writer and the 1905 Nobel laureate, Henryk Sienkiewicz. Its first English translation was published in the same year as the original.〔 The book was serialized by the magazine ''Tygodnik Illustrowany'' between 1897–1899 before its first complete printed edition appeared in 1900. The book was first translated into English by Jeremiah Curtin, a contemporary of Henryk Sienkiewicz.〔(Polish official site about translators of H. Sienkiewicz novels and short stories. ) ''Poland.gov.pl.'' Retrieved October 8, 2011.〕 ''The Teutonic Knights'' had since been translated into 25 languages. It was the first book to be printed in Poland at the end of the Second World War in 1945, due to its relevance in the context of Nazi German destruction of Poland followed by mass population transfers. The book was made into a movie in 1960 by Aleksander Ford. ==Historical background== The novel was written by Sienkiewicz in 1900, when the Polish state—after being partitioned between Russian, Austrian and German empires at the end of the 18th century—did not exist, and the majority of Poles were living in the Russian occupation zone named Vistula Land, formerly Congress Poland. One of Sienkiewicz's goals in writing ''The Knights of the Cross'' was to encourage and strengthen Polish national confidence against the occupying powers. In order to circumvent the Russian censorship, he placed the plot in the Middle ages, around Prussia (region) and the State of the Teutonic Order. The history of the German Order of the Teutonic Knights serves as the backdrop for the story. From the , the Order controlled large parts of the Baltic Sea coast, until its defeat at the 1410 Battle of Grunwald by the United Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. The novel focuses extensively on the medieval life and customs of both, the cities and the countryside of Medieval Poland. In 1960 the novel was made into a Polish film of the same name, by director Aleksander Ford, with Emil Karewicz as King Władysław Jagiełło. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Knights of the Cross」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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