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Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK), or simply "the Klan", is the name of three distinct past and present movements in the United States that have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism aimed at groups or individuals whom they opposed.〔O'Donnell, Patrick (Editor), 2006. ''Ku Klux Klan America's First Terrorists Exposed'', p. 210. ISBN 1-4196-4978-7.〕
All three movements have called for the "purification" of American society, and all are considered right wing extremist organizations.〔Rory McVeigh, ''The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics'' (2009).〕〔Matthew N. Lyons, ''Right-Wing Populism in America'' (2000), ch. 3, 5, 13.〕〔Chalmers, David Mark, 2003. ''Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement'', p. 163. ISBN 978-0-7425-2311-1.〕〔Charles Quarles, 1999. ''The Ku Klux Klan and Related American Racialist and Antisemitic Organizations: A History and Analysis'', p. 100. McFarland.〕
The first organization sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South during the Reconstruction Era, especially by using violence against African American leaders. With numerous chapters across the South, it was suppressed around 1871, through federal enforcement. The first Ku Klux Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be terrifying, and to hide their identities.〔See, e.g., Klanwatch Project (2011), illustrations, pp. 9–10.〕〔Elaine Frantz Parsons, "Midnight Rangers: Costume and Performance in the Reconstruction-Era Ku Klux Klan". ''Journal of American History'' 92.3 (2005): 811–36.〕 The second group was founded in 1915 and after 1921 it rapidly expanded into a very large nationwide organization. It opposed Catholics and Jews, especially newer immigrants. The second KKK flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, particularly in urban areas of the Midwest and West. It adopted a standard white costume (sales of which together with initiation fees financed the movement) and code words as the first Klan, while adding cross burnings and mass parades. It stressed opposition to the Catholic Church.〔Wyn Craig Wade, ''The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America'' (Oxford University Press, 1998)〕 The current manifestation consists of numerous small unconnected groups that use the KKK name. The current manifestation is classified as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center.〔Both the (Anti-Defamation League ) and the (Southern Poverty Law Center ) include it in their lists of hate groups. See also Brian Levin, "Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America", in Perry, Barbara (ed.), (''Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader'' ), Routledge, 2003, p. 112.〕 It is estimated to have between 5,000 and 8,000 members as of 2012.〔 The third KKK emerged in the form of small local unconnected groups after 1950. They focused on opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, often using violence and murder to suppress activists.
The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent reference to the America's "Anglo-Saxon" blood, hearkening back to 19th-century nativism.〔Michael Newton, ''The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida''.〕 Though members of the KKK swore to uphold American values and Christian morality, virtually every Christian denomination officially denounced the KKK.
==Overview: Three Klans==
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