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Kuhmo ((ロシア語:Кухмо)) is a town and a municipality in Finland and is located at the south-eastern corner of the Kainuu region. The municipality has a population of ()〔 and covers an area of of which is water.〔 The population density is . It has a borderline of with Russia. Neighbour towns are Hyrynsalmi, Lieksa, Nurmes, Ristijärvi, Sotkamo and Suomussalmi. Neighbour city across the Russian border is Kostomuksha. Vartius, one of the border crossing points between Finland and Russia, is located in northern Kuhmo Kuhmo´s eastern border is located at a drainage divider and town area belongs to drainage basin of Oulujärvi. The municipality is unilingually Finnish. ==History== First inhabitants arrived to Kuhmo after last ice-age, around 8000 BC. Proof of stone age habitation has been found around Ontojärvi and Lammasjärvi. Sami people habitated Kuhmo area until migration from Karelia and Savonia pushed Sami people up north. Influence of Sami culture is still found in the placenames. Wide spreading water routes are known to have attracted hunters, raiders, merchants and tax collectors since 9th century In the Treaty of Nöteborg, settlement between Sweden and Novgorod republic on August 12, 1323, Kuhmo area belonged to Novgorod. Yet hunters and tax collectors kept on penetrating to the area from west. Swedish interest was to push the border further east. Permanent habitation settled to the area after Gustav I, king of Sweden, had promised tax relief to peasants who would move north. Almost all the habitation was destroyed in the Russo-Swedish war between 1570-1595. In the Treaty of Teusina area of Kuhmo was annexed into Sweden. In the following centuries area was continuously raided in number of wars and quarrels. 1809Finland was annexed from Sweden to Russian empire as a Grand Duchy of Finland. For merchants from Karelia and Russia, Kuhmo became trade route and a place to sell their goods. As a memorial of those merchants, on the market of Kuhmo there stands the statue “Laukunkantaja.” At this era Elias Lönnrot, compiler of Finnish National Epic Kalevala made his poem-collecting trips via Kuhmo to Karelia. Lönnrot made some of the editing in Kuhmo. Reconstruction of the hut where he has staying can be seen in Kalevala village. Publishing Kalevala 1835 fueled birth of Karelianism, which became a major trend in culture spheres towards the end of 19th century. Akseli Gallen-Kallela, who is considered as one of the founders of Karelianism, spent his honeymoon in Kuhmo. During their stay Gallen-Kallela painted some of his works at Lapinsalmi, lake Lentua. Scenery to lake Lentua based the background of the middle picture in his work Aino triptych. During 19th century burn-beating was still essential in agriculture but in decline. In the end of 18th century tar production had arrived to the area as a new and steadily growing source of income. In the year 1900 tar production in Kuhmo was highest in Finland, at 1.6 million litres. Tar was shipped from Kuhmo to Oulu by rowboats. Largest boats could carry 25 – 27 barrels, 125 l each. Remainings of tar pits, where tar was distilled from pine, can be found everywhere at Kuhmo area. The Winter War is an important event in the history of Kuhmo. During the war Kuhmo was bombarded 48 times and ground battles took place as near as ten kilometers from the center of the town. Soviet army´s target in Kuhmo was to proceed through Kuhmo and Kajaani to Oulu and divide Finland into two. Offensive was stopped on the Kuhmo – Saunajärvi road at Jyrkänkoski and on the Kuhmo – Kiekinkoski road at Tyrävaara, Both battlescenes are approximately 10 km from the city center. At narrow Kuhmo – Saunajärvi road soviet 54th division was forced to spread its troops which made Finnish guerilla tactics efficient. After being stopped, soviet forces were divided and encircled into small pockets. Campaign to destroy the pockets and prevent soviet 44th division from rescuing encircled forces continued until the Moscow peace treaty. After the war Kuhmo kept its eastern borderline unchanged, thus having an unchanged borderline for 400 years straight since the Treaty of Teusina of 1595. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kuhmo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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