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Kuntowijoyo (Bantul, Yogyakarta, 18 September 1943 – 22 February 2005) was an Indonesian writer and academic. ==Biography== Kuntowijoyo was born in Bantul, Yogyakarta, on 18 September 1943. His father was a dalang and macapat reader, and his great-grandfather was a mushaf writer. When he attended elementary school at Ibtidaiyah Madrasah, he practiced declamation, storytelling, and reading the Koran. He was also mentored by literary figures M. Saribi Arifin and Yusmanan. A voracious reader, in middle school he read works by Indonesian authors such as Hamka, HB Jassin, and Pramoedya Ananta Toer; he graduated in 1959. while attending high school in Surakarta, he read works of world literature by Charles Dickens and Anton Chekov.〔 While in high school, he wrote short stories, plays, essays, and novels. He graduated from high school in 1962.〔 During his college days at Gadjah Mada University, he founded the Lembaga Kebudayaan Seniman Islam (Islamic Artists Cultural Institution) and Studi Grup Mantika (together with Ikranagara, Arifin C. Noer, Dawam Rahardjo, Chaerul Umam, Amri Yahya, Sju'bah Asa and Abdul Hadi W. M.). In 1964, he published his first novel, ''Kereta Api yang Berangkat di Pagi Hari'' (''The Train that Leaves Early in the Morning''); it was picked up as a serial by the newspaper ''Djihad'' in 1966. The following year, in 1967, he published his first short story in the literary magazine ''Horison''.〔 In 1969, he graduated from UGM with a degree in history.〔 Kuntowijoyo then continued his education in the United States. He obtained his Master of Arts in American History from Connecticut University (1974) and Ph.D in history from Columbia University (1980);〔 his doctoral dissertation was titled "Social Change in an Agrarian Society: Madura 1850–1940". It was during his time in the United States that Kuntowijoyo began writing poetry, publishing two anthologies during this time: ''Suluk Awang-Uwung'' (1975) and ''Isyarat'' (''Signs''; 1976). Both dealt with his experiences while in the United States.〔 On his return to Indonesia in 1980, he founded the Centre for Policy Research and Study with Amien Rais and Chairil Anwar.〔 He was also active in various aspects of the Islamic organization Muhammadiyah, although he was critical of them; he wrote that they were a "cultural institution without culture".〔 After suffering from meningoencephalitis in 1991, Kuntowijoyo lost some motor control and found difficulty speaking. He began to write at an increased pace. For three years in a row, from 1995 to 1997, his short stories were chosen as the best stories published by the newspaper ''Kompas''; stories selected were "Lelaki yang Kawin dengan Peri" ("The Man who Married a Fairy"; 1995), "Pistol Perdamaian" ("Pistol of Peace"; 1996), and "Anjing-anjing Menyerbu Kuburan" ("Dogs Attack a Graveyard"; 1997). In 1995 Kuntowijoyo published a third collection of poetry, entitled ''Makrifat Daun, Daun Makrifat'' (''Faith in Leaves, Leaves of Faith''), which dealt with his religious experiences.〔 In 2001, ''Kompas'' published his novel ''Mantra Penjinak Ular'' (''Mantra of the Snake Charmer'') as a serial.〔 On 21 February 2005, Kuntowijoyo was taken to Sardjito Hospital complaining of diarrhea and difficulty breathing.〔〔 He died the next day. He left behind two works after his death, ''Historical Experience'' (a handbook for students of history) and ''Sejarah Eropa Barat'' (''History of West Europe''); ''Sejarah Eropa Berat'' was published posthumously under the title ''Peran Bourjuasi dalam Transformasi Eropa'' (''Role of the Bourgeois in the Transformation of Europe''; 2005).〔 That same year, another of his short stories was selected as the best published in ''Kompas''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kuntowijoyo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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