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A kurultai (Mongolian: Хуралдай, ''Khuruldai''; Turkish: ''Kurultay'')〔Kazakh: Құрылтай, ''Qurıltay''; (タタール語:Qorıltay); (バシキール語:Ҡоролтай, ''Qoroltay''); (アゼルバイジャン語:Qurultay); (トルクメン語:Gurultaý)〕 was a political and military council of ancient Mongol and Turkic chiefs and khans. The root of the word is "Kur/Khur" (assemble/discuss) and that helps form "Kurul/Khural" meaning political "meeting" or "assembly" in Turkic and Mongolian languages. Kurultay, ''Khuraldai,'' ''khuruldai'','' ''or ''khuraldaan'' means "a gathering", or more literally, "intergatheration". This root is the same in the Mongolian word ''khurim'', which means "feast" and "wedding" and originally referred to large festive gatherings on the steppe, but is used mainly in the sense of wedding in modern times. ==In the Mongol Empire== Mongolian Families voted by showing up for the event; families that did not show up were considered a vote against whatever the Kurultai was held for. After the new khan has been elected, an elaborate enthronement procedure followed. Johann Schiltberger, a 15th-century German traveler, described the installation of a new Golden Horde khan as follows(〔Commander J. Buchan Telfer, "The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger". (London, Hakluyt Society, 1879)〕 quoted in 〔George Vernadsky, "The Mongols and Russia". (Yale University Press, 1953)〕): Russian princes and boyars, who often had to wait in Sarai for the kurultai to elect a new khan, who would then re-issue their yarlyks (patents), would no doubt often witness this ''khan kutermiak'' rituals, which became increasingly more frequent and futile during the mid-14th century time of troubles in the Horde, giving rise to the Russian word "кутерьма" (''kuter'ma''), meaning "running around pointlessly".〔 Kurultai were imperial and tribal assemblies convened to determine, strategize and analyze military campaigns and assign individuals to leadership positions and titles. One such example is Genghis Khan was declared Khan in the 1206 kurultai. Most of the major military campaigns were first planned out at assemblies such as this and there were minor and less significant kurultais under the Mongol Empire under political subordinate leaders and generals. The kurultai, however, required the presence of the senior members of the tribes participating, who were also in charge militarily. Thus, the deaths of Ögedei and Möngke in 1241 and 1259, respectively, necessitated the withdrawal of Mongol leaders (and troops) from the outskirts of Vienna (in 1241) and from Syria (in 1259), hamstringing military operations against the Austrians and Mamluks that might otherwise have continued. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kurultai」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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