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LGBT or GLBT is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. In use since the 1990s, the term is an adaptation of the initialism LGB, which was used to replace the term ''gay'' in reference to the LGBT community beginning in the mid-to-late 1980s.〔''Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary,'' Volume 1, Part 1. Gale Research Co., 1985, ISBN 978-0-8103-0683-7. (Factsheet five, Issues 32–36, Mike Gunderloy, 1989 )〕 Activists believed that the term ''gay community'' did not accurately represent all those to whom it referred.〔 The initialism has become mainstream as a self-designation; it has been adopted by the majority of sexuality and gender identity-based community centers and media in the United States, as well as some other English-speaking countries. The term is used also in some other countries, particularly those which languages use the initialism, such as Argentina, France and Turkey. The initialism LGBT is intended to emphasize a diversity of sexuality and gender identity-based cultures. It may be used to refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual or non-cisgender, instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.〔〔 To recognize this inclusion, a popular variant adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer or are questioning their sexual identity; LGBTQ has been recorded since 1996. Those who wish to include intersex people in LGBT groups suggest an extended initialism LGBTI.〔William L. Maurice, Marjorie A. Bowman, (Sexual medicine in primary care ), Mosby Year Book, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8151-2797-0〕〔 This initialism is used in all parts of "The Activist's Guide" of the Yogyakarta Principles in Action.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Yogyakarta Principles in Action, Activist's Guide )〕 Some people combine the two acronyms and use the term LGBTIQ. Whether or not LGBT people openly identify themselves may depend on local political concerns and whether they live in a discriminatory environment, as well as on the status of LGBT rights where they live. Some research, conducted anonymously and online and including the 'Q' category, found that more adolescents and young adults identified as 'Q' (questioning) compared with other LGBTI categories.〔Harris, K. M. (2013). Sexuality and suicidality: Matched-pairs analyses reveal unique characteristics in non-heterosexual suicidal behaviors. Archives of sexual behavior, 42(5), 729-737. doi: 10.1007/s10508-013-0112-2〕 That may reflect the uncertainty and external pressures surrounding human sexuality. ==History== Before the sexual revolution of the 1960s, there was no common non-derogatory vocabulary for non-heterosexuality; the closest such term, ''third gender'', traces back to the 1860s but never gained wide acceptance in the United States.〔〔Kennedy, Hubert C. (1980) "The "third sex" theory of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs", ''Journal of Homosexuality''. 1980–1981 Fall–Winter; 6(1–2): pp. 103–1〕〔Hirschfeld, Magnus, 1904. ''Berlins Drittes Geschlecht'' ("Berlin's Third Sex")〕〔Ellis, Havelock and Symonds, J. A., 1897. ''Sexual Inversion''.〕〔Carpenter, Edward, 1908. ''(The Intermediate Sex: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women )''.〕〔Duc, Aimée, 1901. ''Sind es Frauen? Roman über das dritte Geschlecht'' ("Are These Women? Novel about the Third Sex")〕 The first widely used term, ''homosexual'', originally carried negative connotations. It was replaced by ''homophile'' in the 1950s and 1960s, and subsequently ''gay'' in the 1970s; the latter term was adopted first by the homosexual community. Lars Ullerstam promoted use of the term sexual minority in the 1960s,(sv) as an analogy to the term ethnic minority for non-whites. As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase "gay and lesbian" became more common.〔 The Daughters of Bilitis folded in 1970 due to disputes over their direction: whether to focus on feminism or gay rights issues.〔Esterberg, Kristen (September, 1994). "From Accommodation to Liberation: A Social Movement Analysis of Lesbians in the Homophile Movement." ''Gender and Society'', 8, (3) p. 424–443.〕 As equality was a priority for lesbian feminists, disparity of roles between men and women or butch and femme were viewed as patriarchal. Lesbian feminists eschewed gender role play that had been pervasive in bars, as well as the perceived chauvinism of gay men; many lesbian feminists refused to work with gay men, or take up their causes.〔Faderman, Lillian (1991). ''Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America'', Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-017122-3, p. 210–211.〕 Lesbians who held a more essentialist view, that they had been born homosexual and used the descriptor "lesbian" to define sexual attraction, often considered the separatist, angry opinions of lesbian-feminists to be detrimental to the cause of gay rights.〔Faderman (1991), p. 217–218.〕 Bisexual and transgender people also sought recognition as legitimate categories within the larger minority community.〔 After the elation of change following group action in the Stonewall riots in New York, in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, some gays and lesbians became less accepting of bisexual or transgender people. Critics said that transgender people were acting out stereotypes and bisexuals were simply gay men or lesbian women who were afraid to come out and be honest about their identity.〔 Each community has struggled to develop its own identity including whether, and how, to align with other gender and sexuality-based communities, at times excluding other subgroups; these conflicts continue to this day.〔 From about 1988, activists began to use the initialism LGBT in the United States.〔(Research, policy and practice: Annual meeting ), American Educational Research Association Verlag AERA, 1988.〕 Not until the 1990s within the movement did gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people gain equal respect .〔 Although the LGBT community has seen much controversy regarding universal acceptance of different member groups (bisexual and transgender individuals, in particular, have sometimes been marginalized by the larger LGBT community), the term ''LGBT'' has been a positive symbol of inclusion.〔 Despite the fact that ''LGBT'' does not nominally encompass all individuals in smaller communities (see Variants below), the term is generally accepted to include those not specifically identified in the four-letter initialism.〔〔 Overall, the use of the term ''LGBT'' has, over time, largely aided in bringing otherwise marginalized individuals into the general community.〔〔 Transgender actress Candis Cayne in 2009 described the LGBT community "the last great minority", noting that "We can still be harassed openly" and be "called out on television." In response to years of lobbying from users and LGBT groups to eliminate discrimination, the online social networking service Facebook, in February 2014, widened its choice of gender variants for users. However, this decision was criticized by various Roman Catholic commentators. In June 2015, after the US Supreme Court verdict granting equal marriage rights, Facebook introduced a filter allowing users to color their profile pics rainbow in celebration of LGBT equality. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「LGBT」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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