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Labdanum, also called ladanum, laudanum, ladan or ladanon, is a sticky brown resin obtained from the shrubs ''Cistus ladanifer'' (western Mediterranean) and ''Cistus creticus'' (eastern Mediterranean), species of rockrose. It has a long history of use in herbal medicine and as a perfume ingredient. ==History== In ancient times, labdanum was collected by combing the beards and thighs of goats and sheep that had grazed on the cistus shrubs.〔William Rhind, 1857. ''A History of the Vegetable Kingdom: embracing the physiology of plants'', pp 130, 157, 554.〕 Wooden instruments used were referred to in 19th-century Crete as ''ergastiri'';〔Rhind 1857:554.〕 a ''lambadistrion'' ("labdanum-gatherer") was a kind of rake to which a double row of leathern thongs were fixed instead of teeth.〔Rhind 1857:Robert Bentley, Henry Trimen, ''Medicinal Plants: Being descriptions with original figures'', Volume 1.〕 These were used to sweep the shrubs and collect the resin which was later extracted. It was collected by the shepherds and sold to coastal traders. The resin was used as an ingredient for incense, and medicinally to treat colds, coughs, menstrual problems and rheumatism. Ladanum was produced on the banks of the Mediterranean in antiquity. The ''Book of Genesis'' contains two mentions of ladanum being carried to Egypt from Palestine. The word ''loth'' ("resin") in these two passages is usually interpreted as referring to ladanum on the basis of Semitic cognates. Percy Newberry, a specialist of ancient Egypt, speculated that the false beard worn by Osiris and pharaohs may have originally represented a "ladanum-laden goat's beard". He also argued that the scepter of Osiris, which is usually interpreted as either a flail or a flabellum, was more likely an instrument for collecting ladanum similar to that used in nineteenth-century Crete. Some scholars, such as Bochartus,〔A Synopsis of Criticisms Upon Those Passages of the Old Testament in Which Modern Commentators Have Differed From the Authorized Version: Together With ... in the Hebrew English Texts V.2 Pt.2 by Richard Arthur Francis Barrett〕〔Rimmel, Eugene, The book of perfumes (MDCCCLXV)〕〔A dictionary of the natural history of the Bible: By Thaddeus Mason Harris〕 H.J. Abrahams,〔Abrahams, H.J. - Onycha, Ingredient of the Ancient Jewish Incense: An attempt at identification, Econ. Bot. 33(2): 233-6 1979〕 and Rabbi Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon (Saadya), 882-942,〔Abrahams, H.J.〕〔Sanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/saadya/〕 state that the mysterious onycha, an ingredient in the holy incense (ketoret) mentioned in the Old Testament (Exodus 30: 34-36), was actually labdanum. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Labdanum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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