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Labiaplasty (also known as labioplasty, labia minora reduction, and labial reduction) is a plastic surgery procedure for altering the labia minora (inner labia) and the labia majora (outer labia), the folds of skin surrounding the human vulva. There are two main categories of women seeking cosmetic genital surgery: those with congenital conditions such as intersex, and those with no underlying condition who experience physical discomfort or wish to alter the appearance of their genitals because they believe they do not fall within a normal range.〔Lloyd, Jillian et al. ("Female genital appearance: 'normality' unfolds" ), ''British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology'', May 2005, 112(5), pp. 643–646. PMID 15842291〕 The size, colour, and shape of labia vary significantly, and may change as a result of childbirth, aging and other events.〔 Conditions addressed by labiaplasty include congenital defects and abnormalities such as vaginal atresia (absent vaginal passage), Müllerian agenesis (malformed uterus and fallopian tubes), intersex conditions (male and female sexual characteristics in a person); and tearing and stretching of the labia minora caused by childbirth, accident and age. In a male-to-female sexual reassignment vaginoplasty for the creation of a neovagina, labiaplasty creates labia where once there were none. A 2008 study in the ''Journal of Sexual Medicine'' reported that 32 per cent of women who underwent the procedure did so to correct a functional impairment; 31 per cent to correct a functional impairment and for aesthetic reasons; and 37 per cent for aesthetic reasons alone.〔Miklos J.R. and Moore R.D. ("Labiaplasty of the Labia minora: Patients’ Indications for Pursuing Surgery" ), ''Journal of Sexual Medicine'', 5(6), 2008, pp. 1492–1495.〕 According to a 2011 review, also in the ''Journal of Sexual Medicine'', overall patient satisfaction is in the 90–95 percent range.〔Goodman, M.P. ("Female genital cosmetic and plastic surgery: a review" ), ''Journal of Sexual Medicine'', 8(6), June 2011, pp. 1813–1825.〕 Risks include permanent scarring, infections, bleeding, irritation, and nerve damage leading to increased or decreased sensitivity. A change in requirements of publicly funded Australian plastic surgery requiring women to be told about natural variation in labias led to a 28% reduction in the numbers of surgeries performed.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Women being 'upsold' into labiaplasty by cosmetic clinics, say health experts )〕 Unlike public hospitals, cosmetic surgeons in private practise are not required to follow these rules, and critics say that "unscrupulous" providers are charging to perform the procedure on women who wouldn't want it if they had more information.〔 Images of vulvae are absent from the popular media〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Honi Soit publishes vagina cover )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=THAT'S MY VAGINA ON HONI SOIT (NSFW) - BIRDEE )〕 and advertising and don't appear in some anatomy textbooks, while community opposition to sex education limits the access that young women have to information about natural variation in labias.〔 Many women have limited knowledge of vulval anatomy, and are unable to say what a "normal" vulva looks like. 〔 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Neat, discreet and unseen – young women’s views on vulval anatomy )〕 At the same time, many pornographic images of women's genitals are digitally manipulated, changing the size and shape of the labia to fit with the censorship standards in different countries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Labiaplasty and Censorship - is there a link? )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BLAME IT ON THE BRAZILIAN )〕 ''The Observer'' wrote in 2011 that medical experts had "sounded the alarm" about the procedure and its soaring rates, blaming increased exposure to pornography images on the Internet.〔Davis, Rowenna. ("Labiaplasty surgery increase blamed on pornography" ), ''The Observer'', 27 February 2011. *Also see Navarro, Mireya. ("The Most Private of Makeovers" ), ''The New York Times'', 28 November 2004.〕 ==Size of the labia== The external genitalia of a woman are collectively known as the vulva. This comprises the labia majora (outer labia), the labia minora (inner labia), the clitoris, the urethra, and the vagina. The labia majora extend from the mons pubis to the perineum. The size, shape, and color of women's inner labia vary greatly.〔Masters, William H.; Johnson, Virginia E.; and Kolodny, Robert C. ''Human sexuality''. HarperCollins College Publishers, 1995, p. 47.〕 One is usually larger than the other. They may be hidden by the outer labia, or may be visible, and may become larger with sexual arousal, sometimes two to three times their usual diameter.〔Sloane, Ethel. ''Biology of women''. Cengage Learning, 2002, (p. 32 ).〕 The size of the labia can change because of childbirth. Genital piercing can increase labial size and asymmetry, because of the weight of the ornaments. In the course of treating identical twin sisters, S.P. Davison ''et al'' reported that the labia were the same size in each woman, which indicated genetic determination.〔Davison S.P. ''et al''. ("Labiaplasty and Labia Minora Reduction" ), eMedicine.com, 23 June 2008.〕 In or around 2004, researchers from the Department of Gynaeology, Elizabeth Garret Anderson Hospital, London, measured the labia of 50 women between the ages of 18 and 50, with a mean age of 35.6:〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Labiaplasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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