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Labour supply
In mainstream economic theories, the supply of labour is the total hours (adjusted for intensity of effort) that workers wish to work at a given real wage rate. It is frequently represented graphically by a labour supply curve, which shows hypothetical wage rates plotted vertically and the amount of labour that an individual or group of individuals is willing to supply at that wage rate plotted horizontally.
== Dynamics ==
Labour supply curves are derived from the 'labour-leisure' trade-off. More hours worked earn higher incomes but necessitate a cut in the amount of leisure that workers enjoy. Consequently, there are two effects on the amount of labour desired to be supplied due to a change in the real wage rate. As, for example, the real wage rate rises the opportunity cost of leisure increases. This tends to cause workers to supply more labour (the "substitution effect"). However, also as the real wage rate rises, workers earn a higher income for a given number of hours. If leisure is a normal good − the demand for it increases as income increases − this increase in income will tend to cause workers to supply less labour in order to "spend" the higher income on leisure (the "income effect"). If the substitution effect is stronger than the income effect then the labour supply curve will be upward sloping;〔Ehrenberg and Smith, "Modern Labor Economics", HarperCollins, 2008〕 if beyond a certain wage rate the income effect is stronger than the substitution effect, then the labour supply curve is backward bending.
From a Marxist view a labour supply is a core requirement in a capitalist society. In order to avoid labour shortage and ensure a labour supply, a large portion of the population must not possess sources of self-provisioning, which would allow them to be independent, and they must instead be compelled, in order to survive, to sell their labour for a subsistence wage.〔Dobb (1947)〕〔Harvey (1989)〕 In the pre-industrial economies wage labour was generally undertaken only by those with little or no land of their own.〔Bowden p.18 quote: "Wage-earning is not a pursuit that is normally engaged for its own sake, and in a peasant economy it is followed only by men with little or no land of their own."〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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