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Landsale
The landsale or land-sale system was a rental or tenement system occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries in Great Britain, named after the practice of local selling of coal and operation of small-scale "land sale" collieries. This was in contrast to the larger scale, and highly mechanized "water-sale" collieries exporting coal by sea and later canal to southern England.
Land-sale coal was free of tax, and so coal users in coal producing areas could obtain coal free of duties for "water-sale coal" shipped by sea or canal, such as duties paid at the ports of London.〔Thomas Southcliffe Ashton, Joseph Sykes ''The Coal Industry of the Eighteenth Century'' 1929 p.248 "Land-sale coal was free of tax, and so the regions about the coalfields were given advantages over and above those conferred upon them by nature. London was specially burdened, for the duties there were higher than at most other ports."〕 The smaller local "land-sale" collieries were less productive, but also had lower costs as they paid lower wages to miners, or were rented by self-employed tenants.〔J. U. Nef ''The Rise of the British Coal Industry'' 1136235361 2013 p.184 "It is probable that the miners ordinarily worked fewer days in the coal fields where colliery enterprise was most advanced, and where their daily or weekly wages were normally highest, than in the backward mining districts, where coal was produced for local “ land-sale ”.〕 While winter weather affected all mines the smaller land sale collieries were more prone to lying idle. In the unusual case of the Wear Valley and South Durham land-sale miners were able to seasonally migrate to work on bigger water-sale collieries during part of the winter.〔J. U. Nef ''The Rise of the British Coal Industry'' 1136235361 2013 p.184 The conditions of work in the Wear valley and in south Durham, which permitted miners to migrate from the “ land-sale ” to the “ sea-sale " pits during that part of the year when the former were usually idle, could not have prevailed in many other regions."〕
The landsale tenement system involved the renting out of coal rights on land to smallholders to operate mines for rent. In ''Decisions of the Court of King's Bench'' 1793 it was stated that a "land sale colliery" was a "term well known in the coal mining areas" and understood as including not only the rental or tenement on the land to be mined, but also the required stock of horses, gins, ropes, and other things necessary for working the mine.〔''Decisions of the Court of King's Bench'' 1793 "a "land sale colliery" being a term well known in the coal countries as comprehending not the mine only, but the stock of horses, gins, ropes, and other things necessary for working,"〕 Though whether the rent on the horses and gins were included was disputed in at least one case.〔''Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Court of the King's Bench'' John Leycester Adolphus, Thomas Flower Ellis - 1836 "In Rex v. North Bedburn (b) the lease of a landsale colliery, rented at 25L a year between two, was held to confer a settlement, though counsel objected that the meaning of a landsale colliery was the right to get coals, with the use of the necessary implements."〕
Examples of landsale operations or rents under the landsale system include Brandon, County Durham where John Shaw was operating a landsale pit in 1836 using a whim-gin, usually employing horses or a bull, to raise the coal, Ushaw Moor Colliery where in 1858 a drift mine was established selling coal on this system, and Bedford Colliery at Guest Street where there was a landsale yard.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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