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The Landsgemeinde or "cantonal assembly" is one of the oldest forms of direct democracy. Formerly practiced in eight cantons of Switzerland, for practical reasons, the ''Landsgemeinde'' has been abolished in all but two cantons, where it is still the highest political institution of the canton, in Appenzell Innerrhoden and in Glarus. The German term ''Landsgemeinde'' itself is attested from at least the 16th century, in the 1561 dictionary of Pictorius. It is a compound from ''Land'' "land, canton; rural canton" and ''Gemeinde'' "community, commune". Eligible citizens of the canton meet on a certain day in the open air to decide on laws and expenditures by the council. Everyone can debate a question. Voting is accomplished by those in favour of a motion raising their hands. Historically, or in Appenzell until the admission of women, the only proof of citizenship necessary for men to enter the voting area was to show their ceremonial sword or Swiss military sidearm (bayonet), this gave proof that you were a freeman allowed to bear arms and to vote. The ''Landsgemeinde'' has been the sovereign institution of the Swiss rural cantons since the later Middle Ages, while in the city-cantons such as Lucerne, Schaffhausen, or Bern, a general assembly of all citizens had never been established. Similar assemblies in dependent territories were known under terms such as ''Talgemeinde'' (for ''Talschaften'', used in Ursern, Hasli, Obersimmental), ''Teding'' (Engelberg), ''Parlamento'' (Leventina), ''Zendgemeinden'' (for the ''Zenden'' or districts of Valais), but also as ''Landsgemeinde'' in Toggenburg and in parts of Grisons.〔Stadler (2008)〕 ==History== The ''Landsgemeinde'' assembly is a tradition with continuity back to the later Middle Ages, first recorded in the context of the formation of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The tradition ultimately continues the Germanic ''thing'', although not uninterruptedly, as the Alamanni had lost their independence to the Frankish Empire in the 8th century, but re-emerging in territories with imperial immediacy since the 13th century. The first ''Landsgemeinde'' proper is attested for Uri in 1231; however, these early assemblies grew as it were seamlessly out of the older institution of blood courts (assemblies with the purpose of dispensing judgement on criminal offenses, see high justice). The Middle Latin texts when recording a ''Landsgemeinde'' usually express this by making ''universitas'' "the universality", or ''communitas hominum'' "the community of men" of a certain canton the subject of a sentence (see, for example, the Federal Charter of 1291), in order to emphasize that the decision was made by the community (direct democracy) rather than by a political elite. In the Old Swiss Confederacy, the existence of a ''Landsgemeinde'' was the defining feature of the rural cantons (''Länderorte'', as opposed to the city-cantons). These cantons were: Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden (the forest-cantons), Glarus and Appenzell and Zug. Zug took an intermediate position, as it was a city-canton which due to the existence of a ''Landsgemeinde'' was also counted under the rural cantons. With the formation of Switzerland as a federal state, the formerly sovereign cantonal assemblies became subject to federal law, and the ''Landsgemeinden'' came to be seen as anachronisms. Critics of the ''Landsgemeinde'' argued that the democratic fundamental right of anonymous voting was not ensured by this form of democracy. Schwyz and Zug abolished their assemblies in 1848, while the remaining six, those of Uri, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Glarus and both Appenzells were continued into the 20th century. Uri abolished its assembly in 1928,〔last assembly of the ''Landgemeinde'' on May 6, 1928. (History of Schattdorf ). The ''Landsgemeinde'' of Uri took place in Bötzlingen in the commune of Schattdorf.〕 Obwalden, Nidwalden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden followed suit in the 1990s, so that only two ''Landsgemeinden'' survive to the present day, those of Glarus and Appenzell Innerrhoden (2013 population sizes of 36,000 and 16,000; respectively).〔Obwalden: abolished by ballot vote on November 29, 1998. (''Botschaft über die Gewährleistung der geänderten Verfassungen der Kantone Zürich, Obwalden, Solothurn, Waadt und Genf'' ), Bundesblatt 1999, p. 5405. Nidwalden: abolished by ballot vote on December 1, 1996. (''Parlamentarische Initiative...'' ), p. 5. See also Ruch, A.: ''(Grundzüge der Rechtslehre )'', lecture notes, ETH Zürich, 2005; p. 16. Appenzell Ausserrhoden: abolished by ballot vote on September 28, 1997; (Constitution of the Canton Appenzell Outer Rhodes ), footnotes on p. 13. the last ''Landsgemeinde'' was on April 27, 1997. See (Law No. 241.1 ) of the canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes, subtitle, for the date. Also compare Bendix, J.: ''(Brauchtum und Politik: Die Landsgemeinde in Appenzell Ausserrhoden )'', ISBN 3-85882-150-0.〕 In Appenzell Ausserrhoden, from 1877 until the abolition of the Landsgemeinde in 1997, the hymn ''Ode an Gott'' ("Ode to God")〔incipit ''Alles Leben strömt aus Dir'' "All life emanates from You", composed 1825 by Johann Heinrich Tobler to a poem by Karoline Rudolphi〕 was traditionally sung at a quarter to eleven, before the beginning of the Landsgemeinde. The hymn retains the status of unofficial "national hymn" of Appenzell Ausserrhoden.〔Hanspeter Strebel, («Alles Leben strömt aus Dir» seit 1877 ) Tagblatt Online, 26. April 2007 00:30:59〕 The ''Landsgemeinde'' remains a symbol of the Swiss tradition of direct democracy. A fresco in the Federal Palace of Switzerland, commissioned in 1907 and completed in 1914 by Albert Welti and Wilhelm Balmer, shows a ''Landsgemeinde'' (the foreground shows the site of the Nidwalden Landsgemeinde near Stans while the landscape in the background depicts the view from the site of the Landsgemeinde of Obwalden in Sarnen). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Landsgemeinde」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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