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The philologist and author J. R. R. Tolkien created a number of constructed languages. Inventing languages (called ''glossopoeia'' by Tolkien, from Greek γλώσσα glôssa, "language, tongue" and ποιώ, "to make" paralleling his idea of ''mythopoeia'' or myth-making) was a lifelong occupation for Tolkien, starting in his teens.〔 in his early teens, Tolkien was first acquainted with the idea of a constructed language in the form of ''Animalic'', an invention of his cousins, Mary and Marjorie Incledon. At that time, he was studying Latin and Anglo-Saxon. Mary and others, including Tolkien himself, later invented a new and more complex language called ''Nevbosh''. The next constructed language he came to work with, ''Naffarin'', would be his own creation. (Tolkien's Not-So-Secret Vice ) (Tolkien's Languages | The Tongues of Middle-Earth )〕 An early project of Tolkien's was the reconstruction of an unrecorded early Germanic language which might have been spoken by the people of ''Beowulf'' in the Germanic heroic age.〔Tolkien's name for himself in ''Gautistk'' was ''Undarhruiménitupp''. J. Garth, ''Tolkien and the Great War''. p. 17. Andrew Higgins, (In Dembith Pengoldh A column on Tolkien’s invented languages ) (2015)〕 The most developed project of Tolkien's were his Elvish languages. He first started constructing an ''Elvin tongue'' in c. 1910–1911 while he was at the King Edward's School, Birmingham. He later called it Quenya (c. 1915), and he continued actively developing the history and grammar of his Elvish languages until his death in 1973. In 1931, he held a lecture about his passion for constructed languages, titled ''A Secret Vice''. Here he contrasts his project of artistic languages constructed for aesthetic pleasure with the pragmatism of international auxiliary languages. The lecture also discusses Tolkien's views on phonaesthetics, citing Greek, Finnish, and Welsh as examples of "languages which have a very characteristic and in their different ways beautiful word-form". Tolkien's glossopoeia has two temporal dimensions: the internal (fictional) timeline of events described in the ''Silmarillion'' and other writings, and the external timeline of Tolkien's own life during which he continually revised and refined his languages and their fictional history. ==Inspiration and background== Tolkien was a professional philologist of ancient Germanic languages, specialising in Old English. He was also interested in many languages outside his field, and developed a particular love for the Finnish language. He described the finding of a Finnish grammar book as "entering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before".〔''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'', letter number 163.〕 Glossopoeia was Tolkien's hobby for most of his life. At a little over thirteen he helped construct a sound substitution cypher known as Nevbosh, 'new nonsense', which grew to include some elements of actual invented language. Notably, Tolkien claimed that this was not his first effort in invented languages. Shortly thereafter he developed a true invented language called Naffarin which contained elements that would survive into his later languages, which he continued to work on until his death more than sixty-five years later. Language invention had always been tightly connected to the mythology that Tolkien developed, as he found that a language could not be complete without the history of the people who spoke it, just as these people could never be fully realistic if imagined only through the English language and as speaking English. Tolkien therefore took the stance of a translator and adaptor rather than that of the original author of his works. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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