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Latino (demonym)
Latino ( or )〔''Latino.'' (2012). Dictionary.com. Retrieved September 7, 2012, from (link ).〕 is a cultural heritage used to refer to people with cultural ties to Latin America and people of nationalities within the bounds of Latin America, in contrast to ''Hispanic'' which is a demonym that includes Iberians and other speakers of the Spanish language as well as Latinos.〔"Latino: People with roots in the Spanish speaking Americas. This term is sometimes used as a replacement for Hispanic. http://csuchico-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.4/222〕〔http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/mexican-america?ogmt_page=mexican-america-glossary (Defining "Hispanic" as meaning those with Spanish-speaking roots in the Americas and "Latino" as meaning those with both Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking roots in Latin America.)〕〔"'Latino' . . . 'is more inclusive and descriptive'" than Hispanic. "'Latino' is short for 'latinoamericano,' which of course means Latin American in Spanish. Like its English counterpart, the term 'latinoamericano' strictly refers to the people who come from the territory in the Americas colonized by Latin nations, such as Portugal, Spain, and France, whose languages are derived from Latin. People from , Mexico, and even Haiti are thus all 'latinoamericanos.' Individuals who are descendants of the former British or Dutch colonies are excluded. . . . Finally, 'hispanoamericanos' are persons from the former colonies of Spain in the 'New World.' The expression 'Hispanic' probably derives from 'hispanoamericanos.'" Angel R. Oquendo, Re-Imagining the Latino/a Race, 12 Harvard BlackLetter L.J. 93, 96 -97 (1995)〕〔"()he term 'Latino' . . . is more inclusive and descriptive than the term 'Hispanic.'" Deborah A. Ramirez, Excluded Voices: The Disenfranchisement of Ethnic Groups From Jury Service, 1993 Wis. L. Rev. 761, 806 (1993).〕〔http://etd.auburn.edu/etd/bitstream/handle/10415/88/VITALE_MICHELE_14.pdf?sequence=1〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 AP Stylebook Twitter )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Herald Style Guide )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Newsroom 101: Recent Changes to AP Style )〕 The term ''Latino'' can be used to refer to males or females, whereas the term ''Latina'' is used to refer to females only.
The US Government's OMB has defined ''Hispanic or Latino'' people as being those who "trace their origin or descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America, and other Spanish cultures."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice October 30, 1997 )〕 The United States Census uses the ethnonym ''Hispanic or Latino'' to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race."〔http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf〕 The Census Bureau also explains that "()rigin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person’s ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish may be of any race."〔https://www.census.gov/population/hispanic/〕 Hence the US Census and the OMB are using the terms differently. The US Census and the OMB use the terms in an interchangeable manner, where both terms are synonyms. The ''AP Stylebook''s recommended usage of Latino in Latin America includes not only persons of Spanish-speaking ancestry, but also more generally includes persons "from -- or whose ancestors were from -- . . . Latin America, including Brazilians."〔
==Etymology==
The terms ''latino'' and ''latina'' originate from American Spanish, and ultimately from the Latin terms ''latinus'' and ''latina'', which literally mean ''Latin''. The terms may be an abbreviated form of the Spanish word ''latinoamericano'' (Latin American). This use of the expression ''Latin'' derives from the cultural distinctions between the Romance language countries of modern-day, like Italy, Spain, France, Portugal and Romania, and other European nations, including the Germanic countries of Northwestern and Central Europe. These distinctions grew as the Germanic countries tended to embrace Protestantism while the Romance language countries remained Roman Catholic.〔Loek Halman, Ole Riis: Religion in Secularizing Society: The Europeans' Religion at the End of the 20th Century. See p.141〕
In its modern usage, the idea that a part of the Americas has affinity with the Romance cultures as a whole can be traced back to the 1830s, in the writing of the French Saint-Simonian Michel Chevalier, who postulated that this part of the Americas was inhabited by people of a "Latin race" and that it could, therefore, ally itself with "Latin Europe" in a struggle with "Teutonic Europe", "Anglo-Saxon America" and "Slavic Europe". The term Latin America was supported by the French Empire of Napoleon III during the French invasion of Mexico, as a way to include France among countries with influence in America and to exclude Anglophone countries, and played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship of the region with France. The idea was taken up by Latin American intellectuals and political leaders of the mid- and late-nineteenth century, who no longer looked to Spain or Portugal as cultural models, but rather to France.
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