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The word latrine can refer to a toilet or a simpler facility which is used as a toilet within a sanitation system. It can be a communal trench in the earth in a camp, a hole in the ground (pit), or more advanced designs, including pour-flush systems. Latrines are nowadays still common for use in emergency situations as well as in army camps. The term is derived from the Latin ''lavatrina'', meaning bath. It is nowadays still commonly used in the term "pit latrine". For most people, it has the connotation of something being less advanced and less hygienic than a toilet. It is typically used to describe communal facilities, such as the shallow-trench latrines used in emergency situations, e.g. after an earthquake, flooding event or other natural disaster. == Types == Many forms of latrine technology have been used in the past, from utterly simple to more sophisticated - although the more sophisticated, the more likely that the term "toilet" is used instead of "latrine". Pit latrines are a very simple and cheap type of toilet, minimally defined as a hole (pit) in the ground. More sophisticated pit latrines may include a floor plate, or ventilation to reduce odor and fly and mosquito breeding (called ventilated improved pit latrine or "VIP latrine").〔Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C. (2014). (Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (2nd Revised Edition) ). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland〕 Other types of pit latrines may include the Reed Odourless Earth Closet (ROEC), Arborloos (a very simple type of composting toilet) or the twin pit pour-flush pit latrine, popularized by Sulabh International. In locations with no functioning toilets, latrines or trench toilets are typically set up. They typically consist of pits or trenches dug in the ground, to deep and to long. Many military units, if used for any length of time, have primitive shelters and seating arrangements arranged over the pits. The pits are typically kept well away from any water sources to minimize possible disease transmission. After extended use the pits are typically filled in. The use of latrines was a major advance in sanitation over more basic sanitation practices such as open defecation and helped control the spread of many diseases. Up to about 1920, when better sanitation practices were adopted, many more soldiers died of disease than from wounds. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Latrine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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