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Laudianism
Laudianism was an early seventeenth-century reform movement within the Church of England, promulgated by Archbishop William Laud and his supporters. It rejected the predestination upheld by the previously dominant Calvinism in favour of free will, and hence the possibility of salvation for all men. It is probably best known for its impact on the Anglican High Church movement and its emphasis on liturgical ceremony and clerical hierarchy. Laudianism was the culmination of the move towards Arminianism in the Church of England; but was neither purely theological in nature, nor restricted to the English church.
==Theology==
The Elizabethan Settlement of 1559, that set the tone for English religious policy until the rise of Laudianism, was theologically a mixture of Catholic doctrine, Calvinism and some minor elements from Lutheranism without adhering to one of them as official. Although the doctrine of predestination was often neglected at a parish level in order to offset despair and the ensuing disobedience, the seventeenth of the Thirty-Nine Articles sets an undefined doctrine on predestination as one of the founding principles of the English Church. Unlike Calvinist doctrine on predestination, which is supralapsarian, double and unconditional, the predestination mentioned in the Thirty-Nine Articles may, due to silence and vagueness in controversial points, be understood as infralapsarian, single and/or conditional, and therefore more Zwinglian. The essence of Laudianism in a theological sense was a belief in God's universal grace and the free will of all men to obtain salvation. Thus, Calvinist theories of predestination were rejected, overturning the fundamental teachings of the established Church of England.
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