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Left-wing politics are political positions or activities that accept or support social equality, often in opposition to social hierarchy and social inequality.〔Lukes, Steven. '(Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century' ): concluding chapter to T. Ball and R. Bellamy (eds.), (The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought ).〕 They typically involve concern for those in society who are perceived as disadvantaged relative to others and a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished.〔 The political terms ''Left'' and ''Right'' were coined during the French Revolution (1789–1799), referring to the seating arrangement in the Estates General: those who sat on the left generally opposed the monarchy and supported the revolution, including the creation of a republic and secularization,〔 while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime. Use of the term "Left" became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815 when it was applied to the "Independents".〔''Realms of memory: conflicts and divisions'' (1996), ed. Pierre Nora, "Right and Left" by Marcel Gauchet, p. 248〕 The word "wing" was appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and "left-wing" was applied to those who were unorthodox in their religious or political views. The term was later applied to a number of movements, especially republicanism during the French Revolution in the 18th century, followed by socialism, communism, anarchism and social democracy in the 19th and 20th centuries. Since then, the term ''left-wing'' has been applied to a broad range of movements including civil rights movements, feminist movements, anti-war movements, and environmental movements, as well as a wide range of parties.〔http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/Fleisher/courses/econ508winter06/docs/Democratic_socialism.pdf〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Green party to position itself as the real left of UK politics )〕 According to author Barry Clark, "Leftists () claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative, mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status, power, and wealth are eliminated."〔Clark, B. (1998). Political economy: A comparative approach. Westport, CT: Praeger Press.〕 The ''Left'' includes different and conflicting positions, most notably between the centre-left, which promotes equality of opportunities, and the far-left that supports equality of outcome. ==History== In politics, the term ''Left'' derives from the French Revolution, as the anti-monarchist Montagnard and Jacobin deputies from the Third Estate generally sat to the left of the president's chair in parliament, a habit which began in the Estates General of 1789. Throughout the 19th century in France, the main line dividing left and right was between supporters of the French Republic and those of the Monarchy. The June Days Uprising during the Second Republic was an attempt by the Left to assert itself after the 1848 Revolution, but only a small portion of the population supported this. In the mid-19th century, nationalism, socialism, democracy, and anti-clericalism became features of the French Left. After Napoleon III's 1851 coup and the subsequent establishment of the Second Empire, Marxism began to rival radical republicanism and utopian socialism as a force within left-wing politics. The influential ''Communist Manifesto'' by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published in 1848, asserted that all human history is the history of class struggle. They predicted that a proletarian revolution would eventually overthrow bourgeois capitalism and create a classless, stateless, post-monetary society. It was in this period that the word "wing" was appended to both Left and Right.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary )〕 In the United States, many leftists, social liberals, progressives and trade unionists were influenced by the works of Thomas Paine, who introduced the concept of asset-based egalitarianism, which theorises that social equality is possible by a redistribution of resources. The International Workingmen's Association (1864–76), sometimes called the First International, brought together delegates from many different countries, with many different views about how to reach a classless and stateless society. Following a split between supporters of Marx and Mikhail Bakunin, anarchists formed the International Workers' Association. The Second International (1888–1916) became divided over the issue of World War I. Those who opposed the war, such as Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg, saw themselves as further to the left. In the United States after Reconstruction, the phrase "the Left" was used to describe those who supported trade unions, the civil rights movement and the anti-war movement. More recently in the United States, ''left-wing'' and ''right-wing'' have often been used as synonyms for Democratic and Republican, or as synonyms for ''liberalism'' and ''conservatism'' respectively.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Is it Spain’s place to investigate Gitmo? )〕〔reported in Mother Jones, 29 April 2009〕 Since the Right was populist, both in the Western and the Eastern Bloc, anything viewed as avant-garde art was called leftist in all Europe. Thus, the identification of Picasso's ''Guernica'' as "leftist" in Europe〔Otto Karl Werckmeister, ''Icons of the Left: Benjamin and Eisenstein, Picasso and Kafka after the fall of Communism'', University of Chicago Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0226893563〕 and the condemnation of the Russian composer Shostakovich's opera, ''The Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District'', in Pravda, as "Here we have 'leftist' confusion instead of natural, human music...".〔quoted in: David Gutman, ''Prokoviev'', Omnibus Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0711920835〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Left-wing politics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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