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Leičiai
Leičiai (singular: leitis) were a distinct social group of the Lithuanian society in the early Grand Duchy of Lithuania subordinate to the Lithuanian ruler or the state itself. Leičiai were native to the Lietuva Land and formed the core of the Lithuanian society in the pre-state era and during the establishment of the state. Leičiai made up the majority of the military-economic staff of the state: they enforced state authority in the periphery, protected state borders, and performed various other war-related functions, such as breeding riding horses. By the 15th and 16th centuries, leičiai were in decline, already losing some of their functions and prestige, and they disappeared as a social class after the implementation of the Wallach Reform.〔A privilege of Sigismund I the Old to Jan Zaberezinski, by which he transfers the Ašmiany estate for a temporary use: двор нашъ Ошъмену в тых пятисом копахъ грошей его милости дали з мешчаны и со всими людми того двора нашого путъными и данными, и тягълыми, и зъ лейти, и с конокормъцы, и с осочники, и с ковали, и дойлиды, и конюхи, и со всими иными людми того двора – the estate of ours for пятисом kopas / sixties of groschen his grace gave with people from town-dwellers and with all people of this estate of ours: roadmen (путъными) and tributary, and corvée doers, and from leičiai (лейти), and with horse-feeders, and with trackers, and with smiths, and woodworkers, and stablemen, and with all other people of this estate. Taken from: Dubonis, A., Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio leičiai, 1998, p. 27〕
According to the hypothesis brought forward by Lithuanian historian Artūras Dubonis and linguist Simas Karaliūnas, the name of Lithuania (''Lietuva'') derived from leičiai. Leičiai is an old ethnonym used by Latvians to denote the Lithuanians (''leiši'' in Latvian) and was historically known to the Germans in the same sense. Opponents to the hypothesis which attempts to relate the words ''leitis'', ''leičiai'' and ''Lietuva'', claim that the form ''leičiai, leitis,'' with a diphthong -ei- instead of -ie-, is likely to be of Western Baltic origin.
==Leičiai service==
Leičiai were war-like servants of a ruler, the staff enforcing his authority. Their duties were likely war-related, among which possibly were breeding riding horses, providing roadmen, protecting state borders. They were a possession of the monarch, that is, subordinates to the state and not to nobles. The first mention of them in written sources is known from 1407, when Grand Duke Vytautas granted an estate and its staff, including ''leytey'', to Manvydas, then an elder of Vilnius. Later Grand Dukes Alexander Jagiellon and Sigismund I the Old used to transfer royal estates to nobles for a temporary administration in exchange for cash, which was needed to finance continuous wars with the Grand Duchy of Moscow. These contracts are the major primary source on leičiai. Their name was rendered in various forms: leythey, leyty, leytten, litten, лейти, лейци, лейтеве, лойти, людей лейтъскихъ, etc.〔 These forms are considered to be the same as in у Лейтахъ – in Leičiai (administrative area).
By the 15th century, this social group and their services were in decline. For example, one leitis from Eišiškėsvolost, in a 1514 litigation against a minor land owner over his patrimonial plot, said that he was an "eternal leitis" (лейти звечный). From other sources of the first half of the 16th century, it is known that new people could not become leičiai although they could be accepted to perform the same services. Leičiai, unlike villeins, owned their patrimonial plots, had the right to relocate and return, and were accountable for performing their duties as brethren and not as households. After the Wallach Reform, leičiai became equal to other villeins and this distinct social group disappeared.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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