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Levana
Levana (from Latin ''levare,'' "to lift"〔W.M. Lindsay, ''The Latin Language: An Historical Account of Latin Sounds, Stems, and Flexions'' (Cambridge University Press, 1894, reprinted 2010), p. 326.〕) is an ancient Roman goddess involved in rituals pertaining to childbirth. Augustine says that ''dea Levana'' is invoked when the child is lifted ''de terra'', from the earth or ground.〔Augustine, ''De Civitate Dei'' 4.11; perhaps also referenced by Tertullian, ''Ad nationes'' 2.11, but the text is problematic.〕 Her function may be paralleled by the Greek ''Artemis Orthia'', if interpreted as the Artemis who lifts or raises children.〔Claude Calame, ''Choruses of Young Women in Ancient Greece: Their Morphology, Religious Role, and Social Functions'', translated by Derek Collins and Janice Orion (Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), p. 167.〕
It is sometimes supposed that Levana was invoked in a ceremony by which the father lifted the child to acknowledge it as his own, but the existence of such a ceremony is based on tenuous evidence and contradicted by Roman law pertaining to legitimacy of birth.〔Brent D. Shaw, "Raising and Killing Children: Two Roman Myths," ''Mnemosyne'' 54.1 (2001), pp. 54–55.〕 More likely, Levana was the goddess who oversaw the lifting of the child by the midwife immediately after birth. Kneeling or squatting was a more common position for childbirth in antiquity,〔Pierre Grimal, ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'' (Blackwell, 1986, 1996, originally published 1951 in French), pp. 311–312; Charles J. Adamec, "Genu, genus," ''Classical Philology'' 15 (1920), p. 199]; J.G. Frazer, ''Pausanias's Description of Greece'' (London, 1913), vol. 4, ( p. 436 ); Marcel Le Glay, "Remarques sur la notion de ''Salus'' dans la religion romaine," ''La soteriologia dei culti orientali nell' imperio romano: Études préliminaires au religions orientales dans l'empire romain'', Colloquio internazionale Roma, 1979 (Brill, 1982), p. 442.〕 and the newborn probably came to rest on the ground before the umbilical cord was cut.〔Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011, originally published 2006 in Dutch), p. 60; Robert Turcan, ''The Gods of Ancient Rome'' (Routledge, 2001; originally published in French 1998), p. 20.〕
==Modern use==
Thomas de Quincey's prose poem ''Levana and Our Ladies of Sorrow'' begins with a discussion of the role of Levana in Roman religion.
Levana is the name of an infant and child safety product manufacturer. The brand was established in 2007 and concentrates on electrical means of protection.〔Levana (Child Safety Products )〕
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