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Liberalitas
In ancient Roman culture, ''liberalitas'' was the virtue of giving freely (from ''liber'', "free"), hence generosity. On coins, a political leader of the Roman Republic or an emperor of the Imperial era might be depicted as displaying largess to the Roman people, with ''liberalitas'' embodied as a goddess at his side.〔J. Rufus Fears, "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology," ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' II.17.2 (1981), p. 846.〕 The goddess Liberalitas appears on coinage issued under the emperors Trajan, Antoninus Pius〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 903.〕 and Septimius Severus,〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 904.〕 sometimes designated as ''Augusta'' or ''Augusti'' in association with Imperial cult. On one example, a Roman holds out his toga to receive coins poured by Liberalitas, as Antoninus looks on from an elevated seat.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 906.〕
The divine Virtues are sometimes associated with a particular activity or function performed by the emperor—in the case of Liberalitas, the ''congiarium'' or giving of gifts by the emperor directly to individuals.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 913.〕 The enacting of the particular virtue was considered an epiphany of the goddess or ''miraculum'': Liberalitas was thought to have manifested herself when Trajan distributed cash gifts to the populace during his formal arrival ceremony ''(adventus)'' in 99 AD.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," pp. 914–916.〕 Pliny names the quality of ''liberalitas'' in his ''Panegyric'' to Trajan.〔Pliny, ''Panegyric'' 26–28; Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," pp. 916, 920.〕
Liberalitas was theologically linked to Providentia, "providence", and Annona, the embodiment of the grain supply.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 922.〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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