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Lichtburg
Lichtburg (''fortress of light'' or ''light castle'') has been a popular name for cinemas in Germany. Those in Berlin, Essen and Düsseldorf have been particularly famous; the Lichtburg in Oberhausen is the site of the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen, and Quernheim is the smallest municipality in Germany with a cinema, also called Lichtburg.
==Düsseldorf==
The Düsseldorf Lichtburg opened on 5 November 1910 as the "Lichtspiele Königsallee" (Königsallee Moving Pictures, for the name of the street).〔(Lichtburg, Düsseldorf (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Königsallee 38-40 ), allekinos.com, retrieved 3 April 2011 〕 It was designed by Oskar Rosendahl, a local architect who the following year published an influential article in ''Der Kinomatograph'' in which he laid out guidelines for cinema design such as an inviting foyer with cloakrooms through which the public would be drawn rapidly into the auditorium, an equally good view from all seats, achieved by a raked floor and a screen raised at least 2.5 metres off the floor, and toilets within easy reach to minimise disturbances.〔Joachim Steffen, Jens Thiele and Bernd Poch (eds.), ''Spurensuche: Film und Kino in der Region. Dokumentation der 1. Expertentagung zu Fragen Regionaler Filmforschung und Kinokultur in Oldenburg'', Oldenburg: Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 1993, ISBN 978-3-8142-0444-4, (p. 122 ) 〕〔"Das Kinematographentheater der Neuzeit, sein Bau und seine architektonische Entwicklung", ''Der Kinematograph'' 8 March 1911; summarised by Daniel Fritsch, ''Georg Simmel im Kino: die Soziologie des frühen Films und das Abenteuer der Moderne'', Bielefeld: transcript, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8376-1315-5, (pp. 55–58 ) 〕
The cinema was renamed the Union in 1915, the Titania in 1928, the U.T. (Union Theater) Königsallee in 1931, and finally the Lichtburg, also in 1931.〔 Throughout its years as a cinema, the façade retained a stone archway over the doorway and a group of small windows above. The semicircular canopy bore the name Lichtburg in large letters, changing position and script slightly over the years.〔(Die Lichtburg in den 20iger & 30iger Jahren ), Lichtburg Düsseldorf with historic photographs; retrieved 3 April 2011.〕 The neon letters came to embody the cinema. Immediately after World War II, it was an AKC cinema for American and British occupying forces, with only limited access for locals.〔(Die LICHTBURG in den 50iger Jahren ), Lichtburg Düsseldorf ; retrieved 3 April 2011.〕 It originally had a balcony and a total of 1,000 seats, but in the 1970s was tripled into Lichtburg 1, Lichtburg 2, and Studio Lichtburg.〔〔(Die Säle der LICHTBURG ), Lichtburg Düsseldorf with photographs; retrieved 3 April 2011.〕 These were renovated in the 1990s to seat 205, 176 and 112 respectively.〔
It closed on 29 December 2004 despite a petition with 15,000 signatures.〔("Lichtburg: Nur Erinnerungen bleiben" ), ''Düsseldorf Magazin''-Info, retrieved 2 April 2011, (archived ) at the Wayback Machine, 17 November 2010 〕〔("Düsseldorf war einmal eine Kinometropole" ), RP Online, 20 August 2003, Bild 5: "Die Lichtburg macht auch bald zu" - "The Lichtburg is also closing, too".〕 On 4 February 2004, the façade had been awarded protected status as an architectural landmark by the City of Düsseldorf.〔(Denkmalschutz!? ), Lichtburg Düsseldorf , retrieved 2 April 2011.〕〔(Königsallee 40 - ehemalige Lichtburg ), Denkmalliste, Institut für Denkmalschutz und Denkmalpflege, Denkmalbehörde, Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf 〕 A commemorative plaque was placed in the pavement in front of its former location.〔Anna Busch, ("Düsseldorf nimmt Abschied" ), WZ Newsline, ' 3 January 2011 〕 The Lichtburg Studio Theater, a cellar arthouse cinema opened in 2005, revived the name〔(Lichtburg Studio Theater ), Biograph: Kino in Düsseldorf und Neuss, 2009, retrieved 2 April 2011 〕〔Rolf Hosfeld, ''Düsseldorf Kulturverführer'', Hamburg: Metz, 2005, ISBN 978-3-937742-11-3, (p.71 ) 〕 but was itself forced to close in 2009.〔〔Uwe-Jens Ruhnau, ("Königsallee: Die Lichtburg war ein Stück Kö" ), WZ Newsline, ''Westdeutsche Zeitung'' 14 November 2008 〕
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