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Lifespring, founded in 1974, was a private, for-profit, New Age/Human Potential training company. Lifespring claims more than 400,000 people participated in its trainings.〔(McAndrews, Anne (May 1994). "I Lost My Husband to a Cult," ) Redbook Magazine. Retrieved 2013-01-20. 〕 The company, which promoted itself through books and word-of-mouth advertising, was the subject of investigative reports by the media, and was criticized by a few former staff members and participants.〔〔(The Newsletter of The North Texas Skeptics ), ''March program looks at Lifespring'', Volume 3 Number 3, May/June 1989〕 At least 30 lawsuits sought to hold Lifespring responsible for participants' deaths or their mental damages. The company paid to settle some of the suits before trial and in other cases lost jury decisions.〔〔(Brown, Larry (June 21, 1980). "Lawyers Complain of Missing Records in Lifespring Death Suit," ) Seattle Times. Retrieved 2013-01-20.〕 ==History== John Hanley Sr., Robert White,〔(About Robert White, Living an Extraordinary Life ), retrieved 10/20/13〕 Randy Revell, and Charlene Afremow〔(Mind Dynamics (Precursor to LGAT), Cult Awareness and Information Library ), retrieved 10/20/13〕〔(“Human Potential Movement”: Corporate Cult, The Bell ), retrieved 10/20/13〕 founded Lifespring in 1974.〔(Large Group Awareness Training Program, The Skeptic's Dictionary ), retrieved 10/20/13〕 As of October 1987, Hanley owned 92.7 percent of the company.〔Fisher, Marc (October 25, 1987). 'I Cried Enough to Fill a Glass'. Washington Post Magazine.〕 Prior to Lifespring, Hanley worked for the company Holiday Magic.〔 He and the other founders also worked for Mind Dynamics with Werner Erhard, the founder of est, which became the basis for Landmark Education. Lifespring concentrated on how people experience each other, whereas est dealt with changing the way people experience themselves.〔(A Critical Analysis of The Transformative Model of Mediation ), Terri L. Kelly, Department of Conflict Resolution, Portland State University〕 However, there were many similarities between the two. The former Director for Corporate Affairs of Lifespring, Charles "Raz" Ingrasci,〔("In the Matter of the Complaint of Lifespring, Inc. against KARE-TV, Channel 11," ) Minnesota News Council, Determination 83〕 also worked with Erhard, promoting an est mission to the USSR and the Hunger Project. Ingrasci is now President of the Hoffman Institute〔(Hoffman Institute ), Board of Directors, Charles "Raz" Ingrasci, President & CEO〕 which offers programs such as the Hoffman Quadrinity Process which some regard as similar to Lifespring.〔 〕 Though Hanley denied that Lifespring was a duplicate of est, in their 1992 book ''Perspectives on the New Age'' James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton describe the similarities as "striking." They note that both Lifespring and est used "authoritarian trainers who enforce numerous rules", require applause after participants "share" in front of the group, and deemphasize reason in favor of "feeling and action". The authors also pointed out that graduates of both Lifespring and est were "fiercely loyal", and recruited heavily for their respective groups, reducing marketing expenses to virtually zero.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lifespring」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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