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The Accademia dei Lincei ((:akːaˈdɛːmja dei linˈtʃɛi)) (literally the "Academy of the Lynx-Eyed", but anglicised as the Lincean Academy) is an Italian science academy, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy. Founded in 1603 by Federico Cesi, it was one of the first academies of science to exist in Italy and a locus for the incipient scientific revolution. The academy was named after the lynx, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the observational prowess that science requires. "The Lincei did not long survive the death in 1630 of Cesi, its founder and patron",〔Quoted from: Peter M.J Hess, Paul L. Allen. ''Catholicism and Science''. ISBN 9780313021954. Page 39.〕 and "disappeared in 1651".〔Quoted from: Agustín Udías. ''Searching the Heavens and the Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories''. Springer, 2003. ISBN 9781402011894. Page 5.〕 It was revived in the 1870s to become the national academy of Italy, encompassing both literature and science among its concerns.〔Thomas G. Bergin (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Renaissance Italy'' (Oxford and New York: New Market Books, 1987).〕 The Pontifical Academy of Science also claims a heritage descending from the first two incarnations of the Academy, by way of the ''Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynxes")'', founded in 1847. ==The ''Accademia'' == The first Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603 by Federico Cesi, an aristocrat from Umbria (the son of Duke of Acquasparta and a member of an important family from Rome) who was passionately interested in natural history - particularly botany. The academy, hosted in Palazzo Cesi-Armellini near Saint Peter, replaced the first scientific community ever, Giambattista della Porta's ''Academia Secretorum Naturae'' in Naples that had been closed by the Inquisition. Cesi founded the Accademia dei Lincei with three friends: the Dutch physician Johannes Van Heeck (italianized to Giovanni Ecchio) and two fellow Umbrians, mathematician Francesco Stelluti and polymath Anastasio de Filiis. Cesi and his friends aimed to understand all of the natural sciences. This emphasis that set the ''Lincei'' apart from the host of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Italian Academies that were mostly literary and antiquarian. Cesi envisioned a program of free experiment that was respectful of tradition yet unfettered by blind obedience to any authority, even that of Aristotle and Ptolemy whose theories the new science was calling into question. The four men chose the name "Lincei" (lynx) from Giambattista della Porta's book "''Magia Naturalis''", which had an illustration of the fabled cat on the cover and the words "...''with lynx like eyes, examining those things which manifest themselves, so that having observed them, he may zealously use them''".〔(''Della Porta's Life - From Giambattista Della Porta Dramatist'' by Louise George Clubb - Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey, 1965 )〕 Accademia dei Lincei's symbols were both a lynx and an eagle; animals with, or reputed to have, keen sight (in classical and medieval bestiaries the lynx was reputed to be able to see through rock and "new walls".〔Walton, 370〕 The academy's motto, chosen by Cesi, was: "Take care of small things if you want to obtain the greatest results" (''minima cura si maxima vis''). When Cesi visited Naples, he met the polymath della Porta. Della Porta encouraged Cesi to continue with his endeavours.〔 Giambattista della Porta joined Cesi's academy in 1610. Galileo was inducted to the exclusive academy on April 25, 1611, and became its intellectual center. Galileo clearly felt honoured by his association with the academy for he adopted ''Galileo Galilei Linceo'' as his signature. The academy published his works and supported him throughout his disputes with the Roman Inquisition. Among the academy's early publications in the fields of astronomy, physics and botany were the study of sunspots and the famous ''Saggiatore'' of Galileo, and the ''Tesoro Messicano'' (''Mexican Treasury'') describing the flora, fauna and drugs of the New World, which took decades of labor, down to 1651. With this publication, the first, most famous phase of the Lincei was concluded. The new usage of microscopy, with "references to magnification tools can be found in the works of Galileo and several Lincei, Harvey, Gassendi, Marco Aurelio Severino--who was probably also in contact with the Lincie--and Nathanial Highmore." [Domenico Bertoloni Meli, in Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy (Johns Hopkins University Press: 2011; p. 41. Microscopes were not just by the Lincei for astronomical and mathematical work, but were also used for new experimentations in anatomy, as this was the time of the rise of mechanistic anatomy, and the theories of atomism. Experimentation proliferated across the board. Cesi's own intense activity was cut short by his sudden death in 1630 at forty-five. The Linceans produced an important collection of micrographs, or drawings made with the help of the newly invented microscope. After Cesi's death, the Accademia dei Lincei closed and the drawings were collected by Cassiano dal Pozzo, a Roman antiquarian, whose heirs sold them. The majority of the collection was procured by George III of the United Kingdom in 1763. The drawings were discovered in Windsor Castle in 1986 by art historian David Freedberg. They are being published as part of ''The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo''.〔[http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/pozzo/default.htm Paper Museum, Warburg Institute]〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Accademia dei Lincei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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