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Linguatulosis is a condition associated with the organism ''Linguatula serrata''. The usual final host for ''Linguatula serrata'' is a carnivore, like a dog or jackal, and the species is sometimes known as the dog tongueworm for this reason . More generally, linguatulosis can be considered a form of "pentastomiasis", which refers to all diseases caused by pentastomids, including porocephaliasis. This disease is often accidentally identified during autopsy because of its asymptomatic effect on the body. Human infestation by ''Linguatula'' was historically more commonplace than is sometimes realised. Human liver autopsies in Berlin from the early part of the 20th century revealed an infection rate of nearly 12% . ==Visceral and nasopharyngeal== Humans can become infected in two ways: either as an intermediate host (visceral linguatuliasis) or as an accidental final host (nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis). * In visceral linguatuliasis ''Linguatula'' eggs are sneezed or defecated out by the primary host. Normally they would be eaten by a herbivorous mammal (the intermediate host), including various domestic animals . The eggs hatch in the intestines and the resulting larvae burrow their way into the visceral cavity of the body. Here they form cysts or granulomas, typically in the liver or the lymph nodes. This can also occur in humans if the eggs are accidentally swallowed, although the victim may not be aware of the infestation and misdiagnosis as liver disease can even occur . Rarely, the larvae of both ''Lingulatula'' and ''Armillifer'' can enter the eye accidentally * In nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis it is the encysted larvae which are consumed, usually via raw or poorly cooked meat. Once in the stomach, the larvae become liberated from their cysts within a couple of hours and then crawl up the oesophagus and establish themselves in the nose, pharynx or lungs — holding themselves in place with the hooks flanking the mouth . Presence of the parasite can induce headaches, coughing and nasal discharge which obviously helps to spread the infection. Nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis appears to be quite prevalent throughout the Middle East where it is often known as the Halzoun syndrome after religious festivals in which infected raw meat is consumed . In Sudan nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis is known as Marrara syndrome; whereby Marrara is a popular local dish prepared from raw offal. It has been suggested that up to 20% of the population in some parts of Sudan may be affected by this syndrome at some stage of their lives . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Linguatulosis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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