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Liquorice
Liquorice, or licorice, ( or 〔(licorice. ) Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, © 2007 Merriam-Webster, Inc.〕 is the root of ''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' from which a sweet flavour can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a herbaceous perennial legume native to southern Europe, India, and parts of Asia. It is not botanically related to anise, star anise, or fennel, which are sources of similar flavouring compounds.
Most liquorice is used as a flavouring agent for tobacco, particularly American blend cigarettes, to which liquorice lends a natural sweetness and a distinctive flavour and makes it easier to inhale the smoke by creating bronchodilators, which open up the lungs.〔〔''Boeken v. Phillip Morris Inc.'', 127 Cal. App. 4th 1640, 1673, 26 Cal. Rptr. 3d 638, 664 (2005).〕 Liquorice flavours are also used as candies or sweeteners, particularly in some European and Middle Eastern countries. Liquorice extracts have a number of medical uses, and they are also used in herbal and folk medications. Excessive consumption of liquorice (more than 2 mg/kg/day of pure glycyrrhizinic acid, a liquorice component) may result in adverse effects, and overconsumption should be suspected clinically in patients presenting with otherwise unexplained hypokalemia and muscle weakness.
== Etymology ==
The word ''liquorice'' is derived (via the Old French ''licoresse'') from the Greek γλυκύρριζα (''glukurrhiza''), meaning "sweet root",〔(γλυκύρριζα ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus〕 from γλυκύς (''glukus''), "sweet"〔(γλυκύς ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus〕 + ῥίζα (''rhiza''), "root",〔(ῥίζα ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus<〕〔(liquorice ), on Oxford Dictionaries〕 the name provided by Dioscorides.〔(google books ) Maud Grieve, Manya Marshall - A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic and economic properties, cultivation and folk-lore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, & trees with all their modern scientific uses, Volume 2 Dover Publications, 1982 & Pharmacist's Guide to Medicinal Herbs Arthur M. Presser Smart Publications, 1 April 2001 2012-05-19〕 It is usually spelled ''liquorice'' in British usage, but ''licorice'' in the United States and Canada. It is called erk-soos (عرق سوس) in Arabic, ''athimadhuram'' (అతిమధురం) in Telugu, ''jyeshthamadhu'' (ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠಮಧು) in Kannada, ''ملیٹھی'' in Urdu, ''athimadhuram'' (அதிமதுரம்) in Tamil, ''irattimadhuram'' (ഇരട്ടിമധുരം) in Malayalam, ''yastimadhu'' (यष्टिमधु) in Sanskrit, ''mulethi'' (मुलेठी) in Hindi, ''Vel Mee'' (වැල් මී) in Sinhalese, ''jethimadh'' (જેઠીમધ) in Gujarati, and ''jyeshthamadh'' (ज्येष्ठमध) in Marathi.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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