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''Lithospermum'' is a genus of plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. The genus is distributed nearly worldwide, but most are native to the Americas and the center of diversity is in the southwestern United States and Mexico.〔Cohen, J. I. and J. I. Davis. (2009). (Nomenclatural changes in ''Lithospermum'' (Boraginaceae) and related taxa following a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships. ) ''Brittonia'' 61(2), 101-11.〕 Species are known generally as gromwells or stoneseeds. Some species, such as ''Lithospermum arvense'', are sometimes classified in the genus ''Buglossoides'', but that genus is subsumed into ''Lithospermum'' by works such as the ''Flora of China''.〔 In addition, a 2010 molecular study showed that the genus ''Onosmodium'' should be included within ''Lithospermum''.〔 The dried root of ''Lithospermum erythrorhizon'' is a Chinese herbal medicine with various antiviral and biological activities, including inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).〔Chen, X., et al. (2003). (Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. ) ''Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy'' 47(9), 2810-16.〕〔Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. ''Biol Pharm Bull''. 34(2) 197-202.〕 ''Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum'' is native to Japan, where it has been traditionally been used to make a purple dye. ''Lithospermum'' leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the moth ''Ethmia pusiella'' which has been recorded on ''L. officinale''. Use as a contraceptive by the The squaws of the Shoshone Indian tribes in Nevada was published in "Health - Contraceptive, Indian Style" ''Chatelaine'', June 1964, 10. Roots of Lithospermum Plant 06-01-1964 - pg 10 - Health - Contraceptive, Indian Style = Contraceptive, Indian style The squaws of the Shoshone Indian tribes in Nevada have been using oral contraceptives for centuries. They drink an extract of the roots of lithospermum plant to suppress ovulation. Recent study of the plant shows that it contains a previously unknown substance called polyphenotic acid. Under study, it effectively inactivated the sex glands of rats and prevented ovulation in laying hens. Continual use evidently causes no side effects among Shoshone women. ==Diversity== There are about 50〔(【引用サイトリンク】 ''Lithospermum'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 132. 1753. )〕 to 60〔Cohen, J. I., (2012). (Comparative floral development in ''Lithospermum'' (Boraginaceae) and implications for the evolution and development of heterostyly. ) ''American Journal of Botany'' 99(5), 797-805.〕 species in the genus. Species include:〔〔(GRIN Species Records of ''Lithospermum''. ) Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).〕〔(''Lithospermum''. ) USDA PLANTS: North American species.〕 *''Lithospermum arvense'' (syn. ''Buglossoides arvensis'') - field gromwell, corn gromwell *''Lithospermum azuayensis''〔Weigend, M., et al. (2010). (Five new species of ''Lithospermum'' L.(Boraginaceae tribe Lithospermeae) in Andean South America: another radiation in the Amotape-Huancabamba zone. ) ''Taxon'' 59(4), 1161-79.〕 *''Lithospermum bejariense'' - western marbleseed *''Lithospermum bolivariensis''〔 *''Lithospermum californicum'' - California stoneseed *''Lithospermum calycosum'' - Chinati stoneseed *''Lithospermum canescens'' - hoary puccoon, Indian-paint *''Lithospermum caroliniense'' - Carolina gromwell, hairy puccoon *''Lithospermum cobrense'' - smooththroat stoneseed *''Lithospermum confine'' - Arizona stoneseed *''Lithospermum cuzcoensis''〔 *''Lithospermum erythrorhizon'' - purple gromwell, red-root gromwell, 紫草 ''zicao'' (Pinyin: zǐcǎo), 紫草 ''murasaki･sō'' (Japanese) *''Lithospermum hancockianum'' *''Lithospermum incisum'' - narrowleaf stoneseed, fringed gromwell *''Lithospermum latifolium'' - American stoneseed *''Lithospermum leymebambensis''〔 *''Lithospermum macbridei'' *''Lithospermum matamorense'' - rough stoneseed *''Lithospermum mirabile'' - San Antonio stoneseed *''Lithospermum molle'' *''Lithospermum multiflorum'' - manyflowered stoneseed *''Lithospermum obtusifolium'' - roundleaf stoneseed *''Lithospermum officinale'' - European stoneseed *''Lithospermum parksii'' - Parks' stoneseed *''Lithospermum prostratum'' *''Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum'' (syn. ''Buglossoides purpurocaerulea'') - purple gromwell *''Lithospermum rodriguezii''〔 *''Lithospermum ruderale'' - western stoneseed, Columbia puccoon, wayside gromwell, whiteweed *''Lithospermum tuberosum'' - southern stoneseed, tuberous gromwell *''Lithospermum viride'' - green stoneseed 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lithospermum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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