|
A person's livelihood refers to their "means of securing the basic necessities -food, water, shelter and clothing- of life". Livelihood is defined as a set of activities, involving securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing and the capacity to acquire above necessities working either individually or as a group by using endowments (both human and material) for meeting the requirements of the self and his/her household on a sustainable basis with dignity. The activities are usually carried out repeatedly.〔(''Oxford Dictionary of English''. Oxford University Press, 2010. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Malmo hogskola. 31 January 2011 )〕 For instance, a fisherman's livelihood depends on the availability and accessibility of fish. The concept of Sustainable Livelihood (SL)〔http://www.forestry.umn.edu/prod/groups/cfans/@pub/@cfans/@forestry/documents/asset/cfans_asset_202603.pdf〕〔http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=419〕〔http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/developpement/shared/developpement/mdev/soutienauxcours0809/Gironde%20Pauvrete/Sustainable%20Rural%20Livelihhods%20-%20Scoones.pdf〕〔http://www.sarpn.org/documents/d0001493/P1833-Sustainable-rural-livelihoods_IDS-paper72.pdf〕 is an attempt to go beyond the conventional definitions and approaches to poverty eradication. These had been found to be too narrow because they focused only on certain aspects or manifestations of poverty, such as low income, or did not consider other vital aspects of poverty such as vulnerability and social exclusion. It is now recognized that more attention must be paid to the various factors and processes which either constrain or enhance poor people’s ability to make a living in an economically, ecologically, and socially sustainable manner. The SL concept offers a more coherent and integrated approach to poverty. The sustainable livelihoods idea was first introduced by the Brundtland Commission on Environment and Development, and the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development expanded the concept, advocating for the achievement of sustainable livelihoods as a broad goal for poverty eradication. In 1992 Robert Chambers and Gordon Conway〔http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/775/Dp296.pdf〕 proposed the following composite definition of a sustainable rural livelihood, which is applied most commonly at the household level: "''A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation; and which contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and in the short and long term."''〔http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her131/knutsson.pdf〕 == In social sciences == In social sciences, the concept of livelihood extends to include social and cultural means, i.e. "the command an individual, family, or other social group has over an income and/or bundles of resources that can be used or exchanged to satisfy its needs. This may involve information, cultural knowledge, social networks and legal rights as well as tools, land and other physical resources."〔Blaikie P., Cannon T., Davis I., Wisner B. ''At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability, and Disasters''. New York, NY: Routledge, 2004,〕 The concept of livelihood is used in the fields such as political ecology in research that focuses on sustainability and human rights. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Livelihood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|