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Llefelys
Llefelys (Middle Welsh orthography ''Llevelys'', ''Lleuelys'', ''Llefelis'') is a character in Welsh mythology appearing in the medieval Welsh tale ''Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys''. In the tale, Llefelys is king of France while his brother Lludd is king of Britain. The tale appears in the Red Book of Hergest and the White Book of Rhydderch, the source texts for the ''Mabinogion'', and embedded into various versions of the ''Brut y Brenhinedd'', the Welsh adaptation of Geoffrey of Monmouth's ''Historia Regum Britanniae''.
==Etymology==
The name Llefelys seems to have been derived from Cligueillus〔Sterckx, Claude, "Nûtons, Lûtons et dieux celtes", Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie , Vol.46, pp. 39-79〕 (also spelled Digueillus and Eligueillus in various manuscripts〔Houck, Margaret Evah. Sources of the Roman de Brut of Wace, R. West, 1977, p. 16; p. 43.〕), a character found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's famous pseudo-history ''Historia Regum Britanniae'', which was early on translated into Welsh as the ''Brut y Brenhinedd''. Geoffrey makes Cligueillus/Digueillus/Eligueillus the father of Heli and grandfather of Lud, (the prototype of Lludd), Cassibellaunus, and Nennius. In the Welsh ''Brut y Brenhinedd'', Geoffrey's Heli son of Cligueillus becomes Beli son Manogan, a figure already known to Welsh audiences due to the influence of the 9th-century ''Historia Brittonum''. Beli is the father of Lludd, Caswallawn, and Nennwy, and Llefelys is added as a fourth son. As such Cligueillus/Llefelys may have been displaced from his position as Beli's father once the well-known figure of Beli was chosen to replace the otherwise unknown Heli.〔Bartrum, Peter. ''A Welsh Classical Dictionary'', National Library of Wales, 1993, p. 131; pp. 416-418; p. 491-492.〕〔Roberts, Brynley F. "The Treatment of Personal Names in the Early Welsh Versions of the Historia Regum Britanniae." Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 25 (1973): 274-90.〕
Geoffrey's ''Cligueillus'' / ''Digueillus'' may be a corruption of the Old Welsh name ''Higuel'' (specifically, the 10th century AD king ''Higuel (Howel/Houuel) Bonus'' - i.e. Hywel Dda - mentioned in one of Geoffrey's sources, the ''Annales Cambriae'', now Modern Welsh ''Howell''.〔Hutson, Arthur Eugene. British personal names in the Historia regum Britanniae, Volume 5, University of California Press, 1940, p. 43.〕〔Houck, Margaret Evah. Sources of the Roman de Brut of Wace, R. West, 1977, p. 16.〕〔Curley, Michael J., Geoffrey of Monmouth, Cengage Gale, 1994, p. 24.〕
An alternate theory is that the name Llefelys is a compound, with the first element deriving from ''Lleu'' (the name is usually written as ''Lleuelis'' in the Red Book and White Book texts). Lleu is a major figure in the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi, and is counterpart to the Irish mythological figure Lugh and the Gaulish god Lugus. Lludd is also probably related to an earlier pan-Celtic figure, represented by the Irish Nuada and the British Nodens, via the earlier form Nudd. Elements of ''Lludd and Llefelys'' bear some similarity with the Irish story of Nuada and Lugh, particularly the narrative ''Cath Maige Tuired''. Like Llefelys, Lugh is dispossessed while the kingdom (in this case Ireland) is ruled by his kinsman Nuada. Eventually the kingdom is beset by oppressors and both fertility and the food supply are affected, but Lugh returns to overcome the oppression with his vast skill and knowledge.〔
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