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Lochac (or Locach) was Marco Polo’s rendition of the Chinese (Cantonese) ''Lo-huk'', which was how they referred to the southern Thai kingdom of Lavapura, or ''Louvo'' (from Sanskrit ''Lava'', the present Lopburi “city of Lava”, after Lava, in Hindu mythology the son of Rama: Lava in Thai is spelled Lab, pronounced Lop’h; hence the name Lop’haburī, or Lop’ha-purī (Lopburi)). Louvo was united with Siam in 1350.〔(G. E. Gerini, ''Researches on Ptolemy's geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay archipelago),'' London, Royal Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society Monographs vol.1, 1909, p.180.)〕 Lopburi was a province of the Khmer empire in Marco Polo's time, and he may have used "Locach" to refer to Cambodia.〔William Marsden, ''The Travels of Marco Polo,'' London, 1818, p.362.〕 The golden spires of Angkor, the capital of the Khmer empire, would have been a more likely inspiration of Marco's comment on the gold of Locach than the Lopburi of his time. As Zhou Daguan, the ambassador sent by the Yuan court to Cambodia in 1296 commented: “These (towers ) are the monuments that have caused merchants from overseas to speak so often of ‘Zhenla () the rich and noble’”.〔Chou Ta-kuan 周達観 (Zhou Daguan, fl.1297), ''Customs of Cambodia'' 風土記 , transl. Paul Pelliot and J. Gilman d’Arcy Paul, Bangkok, Siam Society, 1993, p.2.〕 The imprisonment by the Khmer ruler Jayavarman VIII of a Mongol emissary in 1281〔Chou Ta-kuan 周達観 (Zhou Daguan, fl.1297), ''Customs of Cambodia'' 風土記 , transl. Paul Pelliot and J. Gilman d’Arcy Paul, Bangkok, Siam Society, 1993, pp.xviii-xix. “These (towers ) are the monuments that have caused merchants from overseas to speak so often of ‘Cambodia the rich and noble’”; ibid., p.2.〕 would have been ample justification for Marco's remark on the inhumanity of its people: he said that Locach was "such a savage place that few people ever go there", and that "the king himself does not want anyone to go there or to spy out his treasure or the state of his realm". Marco also noted the abundance of elephants in Locach; Locach was notable in the Chinese annals for sending elephants as tribute.〔Paul Pelliot, ''Notes on Marco Polo,'' Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1963, Vol.II, p.554, note 2. Paul Wheatley, “Lochac Revisited”, ''Oriens Extremus,'' vol.16, 1969, pp.85- 110. Luohu 羅 斛 is also described in the Wubei Zhi (武 備 志 Military Records) edited by Mao Yüan-yi 茅元儀, containing the ''Mao Kun Map'', dating from the Yuan Dynasty ("Zhan Du Zai", chapter 236, "Examination of All Countries Beyond the Seas: Xianluo", pp.10256-8); See also Ma Huan, ''Ying-yai sheng-lan: The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores'' (), translated by Feng Ch`eng-Chun with introd. notes and appendices by J. V. G. Mills, Cambridge (), Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1970.〕 On Gerard Mercator's 1538 map of the world, ''Locat'' (Locach) is situated on the Indo-China peninsula to the south of Ciamba (Champa).〔 (World Map on Double Cordiform Projection, Gerardus Mercator (1512–94). )〕 ''Beach'', as a mistranscription of ''Locach'', originated with the 1532 editions of the ''Novus Orbis Regionum'' by Simon Grynaeus and Johann Huttich, in which Marco Polo’s ''Locach'' was changed to ''Boëach'', which was later shortened to ''Beach''.〔(Simon Grynaeus and Johann Huttich, ''Novus Orbis Regionum,'' Basel and Paris, 1532, Marco Polo cap.xi, “De provincia Boëach”; cited in Thomas Suarez, ''Early Mapping of Southeast Asia,'' Hong Kong, Periplus, 1999, p.160.)〕 Abraham Ortelius inscribed on his 1564 world map: ''Latinum exemplar habet Boeach sed male ut fere omnium: Nos italico usi fuimus'' (A Latin version has Boeach, but mistakenly: like almost everyone we have used the Italian).〔Abraham Ortelius, ''Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis juxta Neotericorum Traditiones Descriptio,'' Antwerp, 1564, in Günter Schilder, ''Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica,'' Alphen aan den Rijn, Uitgevermaatschappij Canaletto, 1986, Vol.2.〕 ''Pentan'' is the island of Bintan, and Malaiur was the old Tamil name for the Sumatran city of Jambi (and is the origin of the national name Malay).〔Sir Henry Yule (ed.), ''The Book of Ser Marco Polo,'' London, Murray, 1921, Vol.II, pp.280-283〕 On Guillaume Le Testu’s 1556 ''Cosmographie Universel,'' Locach, under the name ''La Joncade,'' is shown as an island off a promontory of the southern continent, ''Terre australle,'' to the eastward of ''Grande Jaue'', a northward-extending promontory of the ''Terre australle'' (Terra Australis) to the south of Java.〔Guillaume Le Testu, ''Cosmographie Universel,'' 1556, 4me projection, Clémence Lévy and Poerrette Crouzet (eds.), ''New Worlds,'' Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France/ Bibliothèque de l’Image, 2012, pp.60-61. ()〕 The English East India Company hydrographer, Alexander Dalrymple, stated that the northern part of New Holland "seems to be what Marco-Polo calls Lochae".〔 Alexander Dalrymple, ''A Plan for Extending the Commerce of this Kingdom, and of the East India Company,'' London, 1769, p.92(); cited in Arthur Wichmann, ''Nova Guinea,'' Vol.1, ''Entdeckungsgeschichte von Neu-Guinea,'' Leiden, Brill, 1909, pp.6-7.〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Locach」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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