|
Lorraine ((:lɔʁɛn); Lorrain: ''Louréne''; Lorraine Franconian: ''Lottringe''; German: ; (ルクセンブルク語:Loutrengen)) is a former duchy annexed to France in 1766. It is now one of the 27 regions of France. The regional prefecture is Metz, although the largest metropolitan area of Lorraine is Nancy. Lorraine's name is derived from the medieval kingdom of Lotharingia, which in turn was named for either Emperor Lothair I or King Lothair II. As a region in modern France, Lorraine consists of the four departments Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, Moselle and Vosges, and contains 2,337 communes. Lorraine makes up nearly half of France's border with Germany, and also borders Belgium and Luxembourg. Its inhabitants are called "Lorrains" in French and number about 2,356,000. Lorraine is located in north-eastern France. == History == Lorraine's borders have changed often in its long history. In 840, Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious died, and the Carolingian Empire was divided among Louis' three sons by the Treaty of Verdun of 843. The middle realm, known as Middle Francia, went to Lothair I, reaching from Frisia in Northern Germany through the Low Countries, Eastern France, Burgundy, Provence, Northern Italy, and all the way down to Rome. On the death of Lothair I, Middle Francia was divided in three by the Treaty of Prüm in 855, with the northern third called Lotharingia and going to Lothair II. Due to Lotharingia being sandwiched between East and West Francia, it was decided to semantically consider itself as a duchy from 870 onward, enabling the duchy to ally and align itself nominally with either eastern or western Carolingian kingdoms in order to survive and maintain its independence. This allowed it to be a duchy in name. while an independent kingdom in reality. In 870, it allied itself with East Francia while remaining an autonomous duchy. In 962, when Otto the Great restored the Empire (''restauratio imperii''), Lorraine became an autonomous duchy within the Holy Roman Empire until 1766, after which it became annexed under succession law to France, via derivative aristocratic house alliances. Though the succession within these houses in tandem with other historical events would have later restored Lorraine's status as its own duchy, a vacuum in leadership was caused by its duke François Stephen de Lorraine (Francis I Holy Roman Emperor) taking the throne of the Holy Roman Empire, and his brother Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine becoming governor of the Austrian Netherlands and deciding for political reasons to hide the heirs not born of his first deceased wife Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria. The vacuum in leadership, the French Revolution, and the political results and changes issuing from the many nationalistic wars that followed in the next 130 years, ultimately resulted in Lorraine becoming a permanent part of the modern Republic of France, albeit coming under German control several times because of later wars. While Lorrainian separatists do exist, their political power and influence is negligible, and Lorraine separatism is aimed more at preserving its cultural identity rather for genuine political independence. With enlightened leadership and at a crossroads between French and German cultures, Lotharingia experienced tremendous economic, artistic, and cultural prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under the Hohenstaufen emperors. Along with the rest of Europe, this prosperity was terminated in Lorraine in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death. During the Renaissance, a flourishing prosperity returned to Lotharingia until the Thirty Years' War. France annexed Lorraine by force in 1766, a condition that remains today. However, the population was mixed, with the north largely Germanic, speaking Lorraine Franconian and other Germanic dialects. Strong centralized Nationalism had only begun to replace the feudalist system which had formed the multilingual borders, and insurrection against the French occupation influenced much of its early identity. In 1871, the German Empire regained a part of Lorraine (Bezirk Lothringen/Département de la Lorraine, corresponding to the current department of Moselle). The department formed part of the new Imperial German State of Alsace-Lorraine, which created a revanchist movement to recover it in France. The Imperial German administration strongly discouraged the French language and culture in favor of High German, which became the administrative language (Geschäftssprache〔cf. "Gesetz, betreffend die amtliche Geschäftssprache" (Law concerning the official transaction language) of 31 March 1872, ''Gesetzblatt für Elsaß-Lothringen'' (Legal gazette for Alsace-Lorraine), p. 159.〕), and the language was used in schools in those Lorrainese areas considered to be Germanophone, an often arbitrary categorisation. French remained in use only in primary and secondary schools in municipalities definitely considered Francophone, such as Château-Salins and the surrounding arrondissement,〔The imperial Statthalter was entitled to allow French as language of instruction in elementary and secondary schools in prevaillingly Francophone areas, cf. §4 of the "Gesetz, betreffend das Unterrichtswesen" (Law concerning the educational system) of 12 February 1873, ''Gesetzblatt für Elsaß-Lothringen'', p. 37.〕 as well and in their local administration.〔The 'Law concerning the official transaction language' provided for exceptions from the German language in areas with Francophone majorities.〕 However, after 1877 higher education, including state-run colleges, universities and teacher seminaries, was exclusively in German.〔Otto Pflanze, ''Bismarck: Der Reichskanzler'' (and the development of Germany, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990; German ), Munich: Beck, 2008, p. 484. ISBN 978 3 406 54823 9.〕 The prevalence of German and the partial usage of French, though restricted, were both guaranteed by the 1911 constitution of Alsace-Lorraine.〔Cf. § 26 of the ("Gesetz über die Verfassung Elsaß-Lothringens" ) (Law on the Constitution of Alsace-Lorraine), retrieved on 24 April 2013.〕 While many toponyms of Germanic etymology in Lorraine were adapted to the High German standard (i.e. Germanised〔Such as replacing French pronunciation spellings of the local dialects to standard High German orthography, e.g. …bourg to …burg, …house to …hausen, …troff to …dorf, …ange to …ingen etc.〕) a number of genuine Francophone toponyms remained untouched, in contrast to the Nazi occupation between 1940 and 1944, when arbitrary German translations replaced all French names, with Château-Salins being called Salzburg in Lothringen. In the 1919 Versailles treaty, the former German Empire suffered severe territorial losses, including the portion of Lorraine territory that had been part of its state of Alsace-Lorraine. With the exception of its de facto annexation by Nazi Germany during the Second World War, that area has since remained a part of France. During that war, the Lorraine cross was a symbol of Free France. thumb 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lorraine (region)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|
