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Loulan Kingdom
Loulan, also called Krorän or Kroraina (; ), and known to Russian archaeologists as ''Krorayina'', was an ancient kingdom based around an important oasis city along the Silk Road already known in the 2nd century BCE on the north-eastern edge of the Lop Desert.〔In 126 BCE the Chinese envoy, Zhang Qian described Loulan as a fortified city near the great salt lake or marsh known as Lop Nur. (Watson, Burton, trans. 1993. ''Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II - Revised Edition''. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 233).〕 The term Loulan is the Chinese transcription of the native name Krorän, and is used to refer to the city located near Lop Nur as well as the kingdom.
The kingdom was renamed Shanshan (鄯善) after its king was assassinated by an envoy of the Han dynasty in 77 BCE;〔Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. ''China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty'', p. 89. E. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-05884-2.〕 however, the town at the northwestern corner of the brackish desert lake Lop Nur retained the name of Loulan. The kingdom included at various times settlements such as Niya, Charklik, Miran, and Qiemo. It was intermittently under Chinese control from the early Han dynasty until its abandonment centuries later. The ruins of Loulan are near the now desiccated Lop Nur in the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, and are now completely surrounded by desert.〔Mallory and Mair (2000). pp. 81-87.〕
==History==
A 3,800-year-old female mummy (c. 1800 BCE), the first of a series of mummies now known as the Tarim mummies, was discovered in Loulan in 1980, indicating very early settlement of the region.
Loulan was on the main route from Dunhuang to Korla, where it joined the so-called "northern route," and was also connected by a route southwest to the kingdom’s seat of government in the town of Wuni in the Charkhlik/Ruoqiang oasis, and from thence to Khotan and Yarkand.〔Hill (2009), p. 88.〕
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