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Lucifer ( ) is the King James Version rendering of the Hebrew word in Isaiah . This word, transliterated ''hêlêl'' or ''heylel'',〔(Strong's Concordance, H1966 ): "shining one, morning star, Lucifer; of the king of Babylon and Satan (fig.)"〕 occurs only once in the Hebrew Bible〔 and according to the KJV based Strong's Concordance means "shining one, light bearer".〔 The word ''Lucifer'' is taken from the Latin Vulgate, which translates הֵילֵל as ''lucifer'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Latin Vulgate Bible: Isaiah 14 )〕 meaning "the morning star, the planet Venus", or, as an adjective, "light-bringing".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, "A Latin Dictionary" )〕 The Septuagint renders הֵילֵל in Greek as ἑωσφόρος (''heōsphoros''), a name, literally "bringer of dawn", for the morning star. Later Christian tradition came to use the Latin word for "morning star", ''lucifer'', as a proper name ("Lucifer") for the devil; as he was before his fall.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Lucifer )〕 As a result, "'Lucifer' has become a by-word for Satan/the Devil in the church and in popular literature",〔 as in Dante Alighieri's ''Inferno'' and John Milton's ''Paradise Lost''.〔 However, the Latin word never came to be used almost exclusively, as in English, in this way, and was applied to others also, including Jesus.〔See Latin word ''lucifer'' below.〕 The image of a morning star fallen from the sky is generally believed among scholars to have a parallel in Canaanite mythology.〔See #Mythology behind Isaiah 14:12〕 However, according to both Christian〔(Examples of Christian literal exegesis of Isaiah 14:12 )〕 and Jewish exegesis, in the Book of Isaiah, chapter 14, the King of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar II, conqueror of Jerusalem, is condemned in a prophetic vision by the prophet Isaiah and is called the "Morning Ha" (planet Venus).〔''Helel ben Shaḥar'' "day-star, son of the morning"; planet Venus is one of the brightest celestial bodies at night, which can be seen in the early morning when no other star can be seen any more, but vanishes when the sun, the real light, rises.〕 In this chapter the Hebrew text says . "Helel ben Shaḥar" may refer to the Morning Star, but the text in Isaiah 14 gives no indication that Helel was a star or planet.〔Gunkel, "Schöpfung und Chaos," pp. 132 et seq.〕 ==Etymology, Lucifer or morning star== Translation of הֵילֵל as "Lucifer", as in the King James Version, has been abandoned in modern English translations of Isaiah 14:12. Present-day translations have "morning star" (New International Version, New Century Version, New American Standard Bible, Good News Translation, Holman Christian Standard Bible, Contemporary English Version, Common English Bible, Complete Jewish Bible), "daystar" (New Jerusalem Bible, English Standard Version, The Message, "Day Star" New Revised Standard Version), "shining one" (New Life Version, New World Translation, JPS Tanakh) or "shining star" (New Living Translation). The term appears in the context of an oracle against a dead king of Babylon,〔 who is addressed as הילל בן שחר (''hêlêl ben šāḥar''),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Isaiah 14 Biblos Interlinear Bible )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Isaiah 14 Hebrew OT: Westminster Leningrad Codex )〕 rendered by the King James Version as "O Lucifer, son of the morning!" and by others as "morning star, son of the dawn". In a modern translation from the original Hebrew, the passage in which the phrase "Lucifer" or "morning star" occurs begins with the statement: "On the day the Lord gives you relief from your suffering and turmoil and from the harsh labour forced on you, you will take up this taunt against the king of Babylon: How the oppressor has come to an end! How his fury has ended!" After describing the death of the king, the taunt continues: ::"How you have fallen from heaven, ''morning star'', son of the dawn! You have been cast down to the earth, you who once laid low the nations! You said in your heart, 'I will ascend to the heavens; I will raise my throne above the stars of God; I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly, on the utmost heights of Mount Zaphon. I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High.' But you are brought down to the realm of the dead, to the depths of the pit. Those who see you stare at you, they ponder your fate: 'Is this the man who shook the earth and made kingdoms tremble, the man who made the world a wilderness, who overthrew its cities and would not let his captives go home?'" J. Carl Laney has pointed out that in the final verses here quoted, the king of Babylon is described not as a god or an angel but as a man.〔 For the unnamed "king of Babylon" a wide range of identifications have been proposed. They include a Babylonian ruler of the prophet Isaiah's own time〔 the later Nebuchadnezzar II, under whom the Babylonian captivity of the Jews began, or Nabonidus,〔 and the Assyrian kings Tiglath-Pileser, Sargon II and Sennacherib.〔 Herbert Wolf held that the "king of Babylon" was not a specific ruler but a generic representation of the whole line of rulers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lucifer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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