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Lulism ((ポルトガル語:lulismo)) is a political ideology used to describe the alignment of segments of the society that were previously hostile to the Brazilian Workers' Party and social movements, behind the political forces led by former President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in a new electoral configuration formed in 2006.〔SINGER, André. ''Raizes sociais e ideológicas do lulismo''. Revista Novos Estudos CEBRAP, n. 85, nov. 2009.〕 It is a process of controlled reformism and limited structural change in Brazil which focused on the poorest sections of society. The subproletariat, who has always kept themselves away from Lula, accepted in large scale his candidacy after the first term of his presidency, at the same time that the middle‑class moved away from him. The explanation would be on a new ideological configuration that mixes leftwing and rightwing elements. The rhetoric and the praxis, which were able to unite the maintenance of stability and the distributive action of the state, are the origins of the formation of lulism. Although essentially different, it shares some characteristics with Chavism and Kirchnerism. To build political consensus and secure social peace, Lulism has chosen to form a pragmatic coalition of interests among various segments of Brazilian society, instead of pursuing an ideology-driven agenda. It means that gradual reformism was favored over a direct confrontation with the interests of the elite. In particular, Brazilian manufacturers, banks and retailers were among the direct beneficiaries of the consumption-led, credit-fueled economic model championed by the government. Andre Singer said that "the convergence of interests of the private industry sector on one side, and of the organized labor force on the other, led to the stability that allowed this political system to take the form of a sort of consensus".〔((Accessed on 30 September 2013). )〕 It was this equilibrium that allowed the government to gradually make the most significant changes in policy. Non-confrontation principles are, in the Lulism movement, a "sine qua non" condition for development. ==Evolution== The term "Lulism" was coined in academic articles and professorial thesis of political scientist André Singer, who was also Lula's press secretary (from 2003 to 2005) and spokesperson in the presidency (from 2002 to 2007).〔〔(Cientista político André Singer explica sua tese sobre o lulismo ) - Folha de S.Paulo, 19 de agosto de 2012〕〔(André Singer: 'O lulismo não é um monopólio do PT' ) - iG, 30 de setembro de 2012〕 Born during the 2002 presidential campaign, lulism represented the departure from the important components of the program of left-wing politics adopted by Workers Party until late 2001〔(André Singer: Raízes sociais e ideológicas do lulismo ) - Novos estudos (CEBRAP), no.85, São Paulo, 2009〕 and abandonment of the ideas of organization and mobilization. As the lulism is a model of change inside the order, even with an enforcement of it, it is not and cannot be a mobilizer. This means that the conflict does not have a political, partisan, electoral or institutional expression.〔 In 2009, an article written for the Instituto Millenium claimed that "liberals are cornered" after "more than six years of Lulism". Carlos de Andrade took up that vision: So the Lulism sought a reconciliation path, from Lula's charisma, with large Brazilian conservative sectors.〔〔(Gustavo Gindre: Dilma e o esgotamento do lulismo ) - Viomundo, 28 de junho de 2013〕 And it is under the sign of contradiction〔(Os impasses do "lulismo" ) - Brasil de Fato, 03 de janeiro de 2013〕 that the Lulism is constituted as a great conservative social pact which combines the maintenance of economic policy of the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002) with strong distributive policies under Lula's government (2002-2010).〔 Conducted under the auspices of the conciliation,〔(Fábio Cardoso Keinert: Os sentidos do lulismo - reforma gradual e pacto conservador ) - Tempo Social, Vol.24, no.2 São Paulo, Novembro de 2012〕 the Lulism represents an "appeasement of social conflicts, of which the bourgeoisie has always too afraid, especially in a country of great inequality as is the case of Brazil" because it envisions a "reduction agenda poverty and inequality, but under the aegis of a weak reformism ".〔 This social change model is explained as a "conservative variant of modernization," in which the state has a "prominent role in leveraging the poorest" at the same time ensuring that the Brazilian social structural problems will not be touched, that is, without conflict with conservative sectors of rural and urban elites linked to financial interests.〔 For these characteristics, the Lulism "concocted new ideological, under union banners that seemed to combine" (continuity of the Lula government with the Cardoso government in macroeconomic policy based on three pillars: inflation targeting, floating exchange rate and primary surplus in the accounts public).〔 Another feature that differentiates Lulism as a genuine political movement that represents a political thought is the fact that the Lulism has not been partisan. On the contrary, the Lulism overlaps the political parties, including the own Workers Party, founded by Lula. Finally, although it was anchored in Lula's charisma, Lulism differs from other movements around political leaders as Peronism in Argentina, because it does not formed a cult of personality based on the then Brazilian president for political and popular forces. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lulism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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