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Lullism or llullism ((カタルーニャ語、バレンシア語:Lullisme)) is an esoteric philosophy based on the search for truth in all areas of knowledge. It stemmed from a belief that the mundane secrets and celestial levels of existence could be deciphered by manipulating the alphabet letters. It was first developed, and later inspired, by Ramon Llull. Manuscripts show that Llull anticipated prominent work on elections theory, several centuries ahead of his time. He is also considered a pioneer of computational theory, given his influence on Gottfried Leibniz. In 1263, Llull experienced a religious epiphany in the form of a series of visions. He narrated the event within his autobiography, ''Vita coaetanea'' ("Daily Life"); In the early 14th century, at the age of 82, Llull visited North Africa〔The ''Vita coaetanea'' (''Daily Life'') (circa 1311), the "autobiography" of Llull, does not mention such motive, but rather infers Llull's missionary quest, describing his high-profile public preaching in the main square of the city of Bougie, (present-day Béjaïa in northern Algeria), the edgy adverse reaction, his quick arrest, beating, likely execution, intervention by Genoese and Catalan merchants, six months in jail, and eventual release. Bonner, "Historical Background and Life" (the ''Vita coaetanea'' augmented and annotated) at 10-11, 34-37, in Bonner (ed.), ''Doctor Illuminatus'' (1985).〕 and was stoned by an angry crowd in the city of Bougie. Genoese merchants took him back to Mallorca, where he died at his home in Palma the next year.〔Bonner states that his journey was to Tunis not Bougie, and dates it from autumn of 1314 until at least December 1315 (). Bonner also notes that according to modern scholarship, it was in the mid-15th century that "the legend of Llull having been martyred in Bougie spread" ().〕 According to Bonner, Llull journeyed to Tunis because he was erroneously informed that its ruler was interested in Christianity.〔Riber, ''Raimunco Lulio'' (1935, 1949) (); Bonner, "Historical Background and Life" in his ''Doctor Illuminatus'' (1985) ().〕 Lullism has been envisaged as a bridge between Christianity and Islam. Aspects of theology and Muslim philosophy are incorporated in its works.〔Urvoy, ''Penser l’Islam: Les présupposés Islamiques de l’ “Art” de Lull''〕 Llull's many works, such as the ''Libre d’ amic e amat'', contain Sufi ideas and allegories and show an appreciation of Islamic mystical expressions. Eve Bonner has assessed the influence of Franciscan mysticism and Troubadour poetry on Lullism.〔A. Bonner (trans. and ed.), ''Doctor Illuminatus: A Ramon Llull Reader'' (E. Bonner (trans.) ''The Book of the Lover and the Beloved'' ), (Princeton 1993) pp. 175-84〕 Its geographical proximity to Judaism allowed for fertile ground where Llull could develop his own theories regarding the relationship between God and man, as well as the search for truth. Dominique Urvoy suggests that the Jews were a knowledge source for Lullism about Islam, because they incorporated Muslim philosophy and Sufi ideas into their books.〔Urvoy, ''Penser l’Islam'', pp 91-118〕 Connections between Lullism and Kabbalah have been debated by Christian and Jewish scholars with different results. Adolphe Franck and Christian David Ginsburg referred to Lullism as Kabbalistic in their works,〔Franck, ''The Kabbalah: The Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews'', p. 223 (translated from the French published in Paris in 1843, with a second edition in 1889, 1892)〕〔Guinsburg, ''The Kabbalah: Its Doctrines, Development, and Literature'', pp. 83, 200-1〕 based on the inaccuracy that the ''Opusculum raymundinum de auditu kabbalistico'' was a lullistic work. Arthur Edward Waite and Joseph Leon Blau interdicted a connection between Lullism and Kabbalah.〔Waite, ''The Holy Kabbalah: A study of the secret tradition in Israel'', pp. 438-42〕〔Waite, ''Three Famous Alchemists (Raymund Lully, Cornelius Agrippa and Theophrastus Paracelsus)'', p. 39〕〔Blau, ''The Christian Interpretation of the Cabala in the Renaissance'', pp. 17, 117-18〕 Frances Amelia Yates said that "Lull himself was almost certainly influenced by Cabala which developed in Spain at the same time as his art. In fact, the art is perhaps best understood as a medieval form of Christian Cabala".〔Yates, ''Llull and Bruno: Collected Essays'', vol. 1, p. 6〕 These works have approached the subject through the studies of Pico della Mirandola whom connected the two phenomenon: Lullism and Kabbalah.〔Pico della Mirandola, ''Conclusiones'', in ''Opera omnia'', vol. 1, p. 108〕 But these works had anachronistically presented in lullism a Renaissance understanding and use of Kaballah.〔Serouya, ''La Kabbale. Ses origines, sa psychologie, sa mystique, sa métaphysiqée'', p. 473〕 ==Notes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lullism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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