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The Luo teaching or Luoism () or Luozu teaching (), originally known as Wuwei teaching (),〔Ma, Meng. 2011. p. 169〕 refers to a stream of religious organisations within the Chinese folk religion, which trace their origins back to the mystic and preacher Luo Menghong (1443-1527〔Nadeau 2012. p. 230〕), or ''Luozu'' ("Patriarch Luo") and the revelation contained in his major scripture, the ''Wǔbùliùcè'' (五部六册 "Five Instructions in Six Books"),〔Seiwert, 2003. pp. 214-215〕 which official title is ''The Scroll of Apprehending the Way through Hard Work''.〔Ma, Meng. 2011. p. 169〕 Patriarch Luo and the movement he started is considered the most important influence within the Chinese tradition of salvation sects.〔Seiwert, 2003. pp. 214-215〕 A wide range of religions can be traced to Luo's teachings; their names are numerous and have changed over the centuries.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 215〕 Some of them have remained close to the original teaching of Luo as transmitted in his scriptures, while other ones have developed other beliefs only preserving the name of the founding master.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 215〕 ==History== Luo Menghong was born in 1442 in the area of Jimo, in Shandong province.〔Ma, Meng. 2011. p. 169〕 His religious titles where Luo Qing (Luo the Clear), Luo Jing (Luo the Quiet) and Hermit of Inaction (''Wuwei jushi'').〔Ma, Meng. 2011. p. 169〕 He died at the age of eighty-five in 1527.〔Ma, Meng. 2011. p. 169〕 The religion he founded was called "Wuwei teaching", a name that has been continued by the purest branches of the movement in later history.〔Ma, Meng. 2011. p. 172〕 As long as Patriarch Luo was alive, his personality guaranteed the unity of the movement.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 235〕 While some of his disciples may have established separate communities, they didn't contest Luo's position as teacher and leader of the Wuwei teaching.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 235〕 Then, when Luo died, apparently without having chosen a successor to the leadership, the Wuwei teaching started to split into different branches all claiming to continue Luo's tradition.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 235〕 The original Wuwei teaching of Luo Menghong became the starting point of various sect traditions.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 235〕 After little more than half a century after the death of Luo, the activities of Luoist sects began to raise the suspicion of state officials.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 236〕 Just after 1584 several warnings were presented to the throne, against the influence of "Wuwei teaching" or "Luo teaching", linking them to the earlier White Lotus movement, a label which by that time had become a derogatory designation used by official historians to demonise religious groups considered heretical.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 235〕 Born at the end of the 16th century were religious streams with beliefs similar to Luo's ones but not necessarily connected to Luoists, the Hongyang teaching (弘阳教 ''Hóngyángjiào'', "Red (Great ) Sun") and the Huangtian teaching (黃天教 ''Huángtiānjiào'', "Yellow Sky"),〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 444〕 both identifying as Taoist varieties.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 343〕 In the same years, Buddhist critics denounced the sects, highlighting that they were known by different names, "Dacheng teaching" (大乘教 ''Dàchéngjiào'', "Great Vehicle") and "Wunian teaching" (无年教 ''Wúniánjiào'', "teaching without time") in addition to the names already known.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 236〕 The sources show that at the end of the 16th century, Luoist sects had spread widely in northern China, and they were known by different names.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 236〕 Also the Luo family contributed to the transmission of Luo's teaching.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 236〕 Within the original movement, Luo's wife and two children, Fozheng and Foguang, occupied relevant positions.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 236〕 Successively, Luo's wife continued the teaching according to the original tradition.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 236〕 She founded a branch named "right teaching of the Perfect Stillness" (圓頓正教 ''Yuándùn zhèngjiào''), reappearing as the "Yuandun teaching" (圆顿教 ''Yuándùnjiào'', "Sudden Stillness") in the late Ming period, which no longer claimed relation to Luo's wife and gave origin to the separated fasting religious sects.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 237〕 Fozheng continued the male line of the Luo family.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 237〕 His grandson Wenju is mentioned in the imprint of the 1615 edition of the ''Wubuliuce'', printed in Nanjing.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 237〕 Luo Congshan, the fourth generation patriarch, lived at the beginning of the 17th century.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 237〕 A century later, official records testify that there were still male descendants of Luo active as sect leaders.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 237〕 The centre of the family was in Miyun, where the tomb of Luo Menghong still existed.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 237〕 It was destroyed on official order in 1768.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 237〕 In the 18th century, the eighth patriarch was Luo Mingzhong, and the religion had been spread from Hebei to Zhejiang and Fujian, reportedly by three persons surnamed Qiang, Wen and Pan, with many congregation temples (''an'') in the area.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 238〕 After the ninth patriarch the line of hereditary leadership came to an end.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 237〕 An investigation of 1816 testifies that the male descendants of Luo no longer practiced the religion of the forefather.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 238〕 Meanwhile, in the early 17th century Yao Wenyu from Zhejiang originated a wave of branches that successfully spread to Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Fujian, Anhui and Guangdong.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 257〕 The religion was now known as ''Lingshan zhengpai'' ("orthodox school of the Numinous Mountain"), later in the 18th century as the "venerable officers' teaching of fasting" (老官斋教 ''Lǎoguān zhāijiào'').〔Seiwert, 2003. pp. 258-259〕 A popular one of many offshoots of the Yao lineage was "Longhua teaching" (龙花教 ''Lónghuājiào'', "Dragon Flower").〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 259〕 Other names for Luoism in the 18th century were Yaoism or Yaozuism (''Yaozujiao'', "teaching of Patriarch Yao"), "Dacheng teaching" and "Sancheng teaching" (三乘教 ''Sānchéngjiào'', "Third Vehicle"), the latter two after the transmission of Wu Zixiang, who incorporated his own scripture ''Dacheng dajie jing'' ("Book of the Great Precepts of the Great Vehicle").〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 259〕 The ''Laoguan zhaijiao'' sect of Yaoism was the origin of the Chinese religions of fasting (斋教 ''zhaijiao''), which separated from Luoism.〔Ma, Meng. 2011. p. 173-175〕 Another wave of branches that started with Yin Ji'nan, contributed to the incorporation of Maitreya and ''Wusheng Laomu'' symbolism into the original Luoist dictrines.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 264〕 Another important branching is that started by Sun Zhenkong.〔Seiwert, 2003. p. 505〕 A disciple of Yi Ji'nan's school, Pushen, formulated a Chan interpretation of Luo's writings that excluded the Maitreya eschatology.〔Seiwert, 2003. pp. 264-265〕 Zhenkongism (真空教 ''Zhēnkōngjiào'', "religion of the True Void"), founded in Anhui in the 1860s, is another Luoist branch promoting sitting meditation, healing, and scriptures recitation.〔Goossaert, Palmer. 2011. p. 209〕 The group expanded to Fujian in the late 19th century, and from there throughout southern China and Southeast Asian Chinese ethnic groups.〔Goossaert, Palmer. 2011. p. 209〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Luo teaching」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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