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Lusitanians
The Lusitanians (or (ラテン語:Lusitani)) were an Indo-European people living in the west of the Iberian Peninsula prior to its conquest by the Roman Republic and the subsequent incorporation of the territory into the Roman province of Lusitania (most of modern Portugal, Extremadura and a small part of the province of Salamanca). The Lusitanians are often reckoned to have spoken the Lusitanian language, an Indo-European language influenced by a Celtic superstrate.〔Indoeuropeos y no Indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana, Salamanca: Universidad, 2000〕 However, a group of scholars has contended that the language is a form of Celtic or para-Celtic that evolved alongside Celtic, to which was added the more recent theory that the Celtic languages originated in Iberia, also based on the hypothesis of the Lusitanian language as a form of para-Celtic (among other theoretical cases on other languages).
== Origins ==
Classical sources also mention Lusitanian leader Viriathus as the leader of the Celtiberians, in their war against the Romans.〔http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/2
*.html|Sextus Julius Frontinus. Stratagems: Book II. V. On Ambushes〕 The Greco-Roman historian Diodorus Siculus attributed them a name of a Germanic tribe: "Those who are called Lusitanians are the bravest of all Cimbri".〔http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/classical_diodorus.html#B5|Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheka Historia: The Historical Library. Book V: Britain, Gaul, and Iberia.〕 The Lusitanians were also called Belitanians, according to the diviner Artemidorus.〔 . (): Real Academia de la Historia, 2000. 33 p. vol. 6 of Bibliotheca archaeologica hispana, v. 6 of Publicaciones del Gabinete de Antigüedades.〕〔 . (): Imprensa da Univ. de Coimbra. 94 p.〕 Strabo differentiated the Lusitanians from the Iberian tribes.〔http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=176646|José María Gómez Fraile. (1999). "Los coceptos de "Iberia" e "ibero" en Estrabon" (PDF) (in Spanish). SPAL: Revista de prehistoria y arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla (8): 159-188.)〕 Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela distinguished the Lusitanians from neighboring Celtic groups in their geographical writings.〔Among them the Praestamarci, Supertamarci, Nerii, Artabri, and in general all people living by the seashore except for the Grovi of southern Galicia and northern Portugal: 'Totam Celtici colunt, sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi, fluuntque per eos Avo, Celadus, Nebis, Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est Limia. Flexus ipse Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam. Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant, perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non longe orta decurrunt, Tamaris secundum Ebora portum, Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem. Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi. Hactenus enim ad occidentem versa litora pertinent. Deinde ad septentriones toto latere terra convertitur a Celtico promunturio ad Pyrenaeum usque. Perpetua eius ora, nisi ubi modici recessus ac parva promunturia sunt, ad Cantabros paene recta est. In ea primum Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis, deinde Astyres.', Pomponius Mela, Chorographia, III.7-9.〕
The original Roman province of Lusitania briefly included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the ''Provincia Tarraconensis'' in the north, while the south remained the ''Provincia Lusitania et Vettones''. After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro River, while its eastern border passed through ''Salmantica'' and ''Caesarobriga'' to the ''Anas'' (Guadiana) river.
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