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Lusterware
Lusterware or Lustreware (respectively the US and all other English spellings) is a type of pottery or porcelain with a metallic glaze that gives the effect of iridescence, produced by metallic oxides in an overglaze finish, which is given a second firing at a lower temperature in a "muffle kiln", reduction kiln, which excludes oxygen.
==Ancient lusterware==
The first use of lustre decoration was as painting on glass.〔http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/l/lustre_painted_bowl.aspx〕 While some scholars see this as a purely Islamic invention originating in Fustat,〔Pinder-Wilson, R. 1991. The Islamic Lands and China. In: H. Tait (ed.), Five Thousand Years of Glass. London: British Museum Press, 112-143; at p. 124.〕 others place the origins of lustre decoration in Roman and Coptic Egypt during the centuries preceding the rise of Islam. Staining glass vessels with copper and silver pigments was known from around the 3rd century AD,〔Carboni, S. 2001. Glass from Islamic Lands. London: Thames & Hudson, Ltd., at p. 51.〕 although true lustre technology probably began sometime between the 4th and 8th centuries AD.〔Caiger-Smith, A. 1985. Lustre Pottery: Technique, Tradition and Innovation in Islam and the Western World. New York: New Amsterdam Books, at p. 24.〕〔Pradell, T., Molera, J., Smith, A.D., Tite, M.S. 2008. The Invention of Lustre: Iraq 9th and 10th centuries AD. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 35, 1201-1215, at p. 1201.〕
Lustre glazes were applied to pottery in Mesopotamia in the 9th century; the technique later became popular in Persia and Syria.〔''Ten thousand years of pottery'', Emmanuel Cooper, University of Pennsylvania Press, 4th ed., 2000, ISBN 0-8122-3554-1, pp. 86–88.〕 In the Mosque of Uqba also known as the Great Mosque of kairouan (in Tunisia), the upper part of the mihrab is adorned with polychrome and monochrome lusterware tiles; dating from 862-863, these tiles were most probably imported from Mesopotamia.〔(Catherine Hess, Linda Komaroff and George Saliba (2004), ''The arts of fire: Islamic influences on glass and ceramics of the Italian Renaissance'', Getty Publications, p. 40 )〕〔(Mihrab of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara mediterranean heritage) )〕 Lusterware was produced in quantity in Egypt during the Fatimid caliphate in the 10th-12th centuries. While the production of lusterware continued in the Middle East, it spread to Europe through Al-Andalus. Malaga was the first centre of Hispano-Moresque ware, before it developed in the region of Valencia, and then to Italy, where it was used to enhance maiolica. In the 16th century lustred maiolica was a specialty of Gubbio, noted for a rich ruby red, and at Deruta.
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