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In the Roman Empire, the Lychnapsia was a festival of lamps on August 12, widely regarded by scholars〔Including Georg Wissowa, Theodor Mommsen, and Franz Cumont, as noted by M.S. Salem, "The ''Lychnapsia Philocaliana'' and the Birthday of Isis", ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 27 (1937), p. 165, and by Michel Malaise, ''Les Conditions de pénétration et de diffusion des cultes égyptiens en Italie'' (Brill, 1972), p. 229.〕 as having been held in honor of Isis.〔Salem, "The ''Lychnapsia Philocaliana''", p. 165.〕 It was thus one of several official Roman holidays and observances that publicly linked the cult of Isis with Imperial cult.〔Michele Renee Salzman, ''On Roman Time: The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity'' (University of California Press, 1990), pp. 174–175.〕 It is thought to be a Roman adaptation of Egyptian religious ceremonies celebrating the birthday of Isis. By the 4th century, Isiac cult was thoroughly integrated into traditional Roman religious practice,〔Salzman, ''On Roman Time'', p. 175.〕 but evidence that Isis was honored by the Lychnapsia is indirect, and ''lychnapsia'' is a general word in Greek for festive lamp-lighting.〔Michael McCormick, ''Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West'' (Cambridge University Press, 1986, 1990), p. 110.〕 In the 5th century, ''lychnapsia'' could be synonymous with ''lychnikon'' (lamp-lighting at vespers) as a Christian liturgical office.〔McCormick, ''Eternal Victory'', p. 110.〕 ==On the calendar== Numerous lamp festivals were celebrated in Egypt. The most important of these began during the five epagomenal days at the end of the year, following Mesore (Coptic ''Mesori''), the twelfth and last month of the Egyptian calendar that corresponded roughly to the Roman month of ''Augustus''. The Egyptian calendar divided a year of 360 days into 12 equal months of 30 days each, with the year-end insertion of five days sometimes called "lamp days" to synch with the solar year. The birthday of Isis was celebrated on the fourth epagomenal day.〔Salem, "The ''Lychnapsia Philocaliana''", pp. 165–166.〕 The 12th of August on the Julian calendar corresponds to the 19th of Mesore on the Alexandrian calendar. On or around the 18th of Mesore, the Egyptians held a Nile festival named variously as ''Wafa El-Nil'', ''Jabr El-Khalig'', or ''Fath El-Khalig'' ("The Marriage of the Nile" in European scholarship), a nocturnally illuminated celebration when a clay statue called the Bride of the Nile ''(Arousat El-Nil)'' was deposited in the river.〔Salem, "The ''Lychnapsia Philocaliana''", pp. 165–166. Salem states that "the feast of Wafa El-Nil cannot be called a 'lychnapsia' in any sense of the word".〕 The Calendar of Philocalus (354 AD) places the Roman Lychnapsia ''pridie Idus Augustas'', the day before the Ides of August, a month when the Ides fell on the 13th. It began to be celebrated after the mid-1st century AD.〔Salzman, ''On Roman Time'', pp. 125, 170, 175.〕 Mommsen conjectured that it was introduced around 36–39 AD along with the longer Roman Isiac festival held October 28 through November 3. During this period, the fourth epagomenal day would have coincided with August 12 on the Roman calendar. According to this theory, the Lychnapsia would have been a Roman celebration of the ''dies natalis'' ("birthday") of Isis.〔Salem, "The ''Lychnapsia Philocaliana''", pp. 166–167.〕 The birthday of Horus also was celebrated with a lamp festival, according to a decree that marked the Battle of Raphia in 217 BC. A major festival of lights occurred for the rites of Osiris on the 22nd day of the month of Khoiak (December), when 365 lamps were lit.〔J. Gwyn Griffins, ''Apuleius of Madauros: The Isis Book (Metamorphoses, Book XI)'' (Brill, 1975), p. 183.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lychnapsia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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