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Lycosura
Lycosura ( also (ラテン語:Lycosoura)) was a city of Arcadia said by Pausanias to be the oldest city in the world, though there is no evidence for its existence before the fourth century BCE. Its current significance is chiefly associated with the sanctuary of the goddess Despoina, which contained a colossal sculptural group perhaps made by Damophon of Messene; this group comprises acrolithic-technique statues of Despoina and Demeter seated on a throne, with statues of Artemis and the Titan Anytos standing on either side of them - all in Pentelic marble. The dates of both the temple and the sculptural group have occasioned some dispute. Remains of a stoa, altars and other structures have also been found. The Sanctuary of Despoina at Lycosoura is located 9 km WSW of Megalopolis, 6.9 km SSE of Mount Lykaion, and 160 km SW of Athens. There is a small museum at the archaeological site housing small finds as well as part of the cult group, while the remains of the cult statues of Despoina and Demeter are displayed at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens.
== Mythology and history ==
The chthonic goddess worshiped by the Arcadians under the title ''Despoina'' (Δέσποινα: the Mistress), later conflated with Kore, was originally considered to be the daughter of Poseidon ''Hippios'' and Demeter, rather than of Zeus and Demeter as was Kore.〔Pausanias (8.37.9-10 )〕 Her real name could not be revealed to anyone except those initiated to her mysteries at Lycosura; this name is consequently unknown.
In the 2nd century CE, the Greek periegetic writer Pausanias, relying on personal observations, available texts and consultation with local persons, wrote the only extant account of the city and its sanctuary. He relates that Lycosura was founded by Lycaon the son of Pelasgus,〔Pausanias (8.2.1 )〕 and that it was the oldest city in the world.〔Pausanias (8.38.1 )〕 He notes that Cleitor, the grandson of Arcas (hence the toponym Arcadia), dwelled in Lycosura.〔Pausanias (8.4.1-5 )〕
In 368/7 BCE, when many cities in the region were unified into the city of Megalopolis through persuasion or force, the citizens of Lycosura, Trapezus, Lycaea, and Tricoloni refused to relocate.〔Pausanias (8.27.1-6 )〕 The citizens of Trapezus were massacred or driven into exile by the Arcadians, but the citizens of Lycosura were spared due to reverence for the Sanctuary of Despoina, where they had sought asylum.〔Pausanias (8.27.6 )〕 Many of the cities of the region were thus abandoned in favor of Megalopolis and their sanctuaries fell out of use. Pausanias states that the Sanctuary of Despoina was 40 stades (7.4 km) from Megalopolis, which exercised political control over the sanctuary.〔Pausanias (8.36.9 )〕 In the 2nd century CE a statue of the emperor Hadrian was dedicated in the temple. Coins from Megalopolis of the Severan period in the early 3rd century appear to depict the cult statue group. Despite its significance to the Arcadians and occasional notice from the wider Mediterranean world, the cult of Despoina appears to have remained tied to this one sanctuary at Lycosura.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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