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Lèse-majesté
Lèse-majesté ( (:lɛz maʒɛste); Law French, from the Latin ''laesa maiestas'', "injured majesty"; in English, also ''lese-majesty'', ''lese majesty'' or ''leze majesty'') is the crime of violating majesty, an offence against the dignity of a reigning sovereign or against a state.
This behavior was first classified as a criminal offence against the dignity of the Roman Republic of Ancient Rome.〔(Oxford Concise Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities ) A complex development as distinct from treason occurred from kingdom thru empire. Arguably there was no distinction in the republican period.〕 In the Dominate, or Late Empire period the emperors eliminated the Republican trappings of their predecessors and began to identify the state with their person.〔(TheFreeDictionary.com ), "Lese majesty" TheFreeDictionary.com, Columbia Encyclopedia, retrieved 22 September 2006〕 Although legally the ''princeps civitatis'' (his official title, meaning, roughly, 'first citizen') could never become a sovereign because the republic was never officially abolished, emperors were deified as divus, first posthumously but by the Dominate period while reigning. Deified emperors enjoyed the same legal protection that was accorded to the divinities of the state cult; by the time it was replaced by Christianity, what was in all but name a monarchical tradition had already become well-established.
Narrower conceptions of offences against Majesty as offences against the crown predominated in the European kingdoms that emerged in the early medieval period. In feudal Europe, some crimes were classified as lèse-majesté even if they were not intentionally directed against the crown. An example is counterfeiting, so classified because coins bore the monarch's effigy and/or coat of arms.
With the disappearance of absolute monarchy in Europe, lèse-majesté came to be viewed as less of a crime. However, certain malicious acts that would have once been classified as the crime of lèse-majesté could still be prosecuted as treason. Future republics that emerged as great powers generally still classified as a crime any offence against the highest representatives of the state, and any actions that offend modern totalitarian dictators are still very likely to result in prosecution.
==Current laws==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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