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The M1 Garand (officially designated as U. S. rifle, caliber .30, M1, later simply called Rifle, Caliber .30, M1, also called US Rifle, Cal. .30, M1) is a semi-automatic rifle chambered for the .30-06 Springfield rifle cartridge, used by the United States Army from 1936 to 1957. The rifle was named after its designer John Garand. It was the first standard-issue semi-automatic military rifle.〔Hogg, Ian V., & Weeks, John. ''Military Small-Arms of the 20th century'' (London: Arms & Armour Press, 1977), p.183, "US Rifle, Caliber .30in ('Garand'), M1-M1E9, MiC, M1D, T26".〕 Called "the greatest battle implement ever devised" by General George S. Patton,〔(HISTORY OF THE SPRINGFIELD ARMORY ) Springfield Armory National Historic Site〕 the Garand officially replaced the bolt-action M1903 Springfield as the standard service rifle of the United States Armed Forces in 1936 and was subsequently replaced by the selective-fire M14, starting in 1957. During World War II, the M1 gave U.S. forces a distinct advantage in firefights against their Axis enemies, as their standard-issue rifles were more effective than the Axis' slower-firing bolt-action rifles. The M1 continued to be used in large numbers until 1963 and to a lesser degree until 1976. Like its predecessor, the M1 originated from the Springfield Armory. Today, the M1 remains in use for drill purposes. The M1 is an air-cooled, gas-operated, clip-fed, semi-automatic, shoulder-fired weapon. This means that the air cools the barrel; that the power to cock the rifle and chamber the succeeding round comes from the expanding gas of the round fired previously; that it is loaded by inserting an en-bloc (i.e., it goes into the rifle's action and functions as part of the rifle) metal clip (containing eight rounds) into the receiver; and that the rifle fires one round each time the trigger is pulled.〔U.S. Army Field Manual FM 23.5 (May 1965) ''U.S. Rifle, Caliber .30, M1'', p.3〕 After the eight rounds have been shot, the empty clip automatically ejects with an audible "ping" noise. The M1 was the standard-issue service rifle of the U.S. forces in World War II and the Korean War, and also saw service to a limited extent in the Vietnam War. Most M1 rifles were issued to U.S. forces, though many thousands were also lent or provided as foreign aid to American allies. The Garand is still used by drill teams and military honor guards. It is also widely sought by the civilian population as a hunting rifle, target rifle, and military collectible. Although the name "Garand" is frequently pronounced , according to experts and people who knew John Garand, the weapon's designer, (to rhyme with ''errand'') is preferred.〔Hatcher, Julian. (1983). ''Book of the Garand''. Gun Room Pr. ISBN 0-88227-014-1. Retrieved 2006-03-28.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=John Cantius Garand and the M1 Rifle )〕 It is available for American civilian ownership through the Civilian Marksmanship Program. ==History== Though the U.S. Army became interested in self-loading rifles with the Bang and Murphy-Manning of 1911, and there were pre-production models in 1916, the M1's origin properly dates to 1919, when armies around the world were realizing that standard rifle cartridges were more powerful than necessary for typical engagement ranges, leading to heavier rifles than were really required. The Army trials in the 1920s had a .256-inch minimum caliber requirement, compared to the .30-06 then standard.〔Fitzsimons, Bernard, editor. ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Weapons and Warfare''. (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 10, p. 1088, "Garand".〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「M1 Garand」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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