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Man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS or MPADS) are shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). They are typically guided weapons and are a threat to low-flying aircraft, especially helicopters. ==Overview== MANPADS were developed in the 1940s to provide military ground forces with protection from enemy aircraft. They have received a great deal of attention, partly because armed groups have used them against commercial airliners. These missiles, affordable and widely available through a variety of sources, have been used successfully over the past three decades both in military conflicts, as well as by terrorist organizations.〔Footnote 1 in original source (CRS RL31741): "Shoulder-fired SAMs have been used effectively in a variety of conflicts ranging from the Arab-Israeli Wars, Vietnam, the Iran-Iraq War, to the Falklands Conflict, as well as conflicts in Nicaragua, Yemen, Angola, and Uganda, the Chad-Libya Conflict, and the Balkans Conflict in the 1990s. Some analysts claim that Afghan mujahedin downed 269 Soviet aircraft using 340 shoulder-fired SAMs during the Soviet-Afghan War and that 12 of 29 Allied aircraft shot down during the 1991 Gulf War were downed by MANPADS."〕 Twenty-five countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Sweden and Russia produce man-portable air defense systems.〔CRS RL31741 page 1〕〔Wade Bose, "Wassenaar Agreement Agrees on MANPADS Export Criteria", ''Arms Control Today'', January/February 2001, p. 1., quoted in CRS RL31741〕 Possession, export, and trafficking in such weapons is officially tightly controlled, due to the threat they pose to civil aviation, although such efforts have not always been successful.〔(MANPADS Proliferation - FAS )〕〔(The proliferation of MANPADS - Jane's )〕 The missiles are about in length and weigh about , depending on the model. Shoulder-fired SAMs generally have a target detection range of about and an engagement range of about , so aircraft flying at or higher are relatively safe.〔 However, the FIM-92 Stinger (1996 version) has a range of 26,000 feet. 〔http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-92.html〕 The acronym MANPADS is commonly mistaken to have a singular form of "MANPAD"—this is incorrect, as even a singular unit is still a system and would have the final S in the acronym. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Man-portable air-defense system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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